1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T K.113TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (11/2015) SERIES K: PROTECTION AGAINST INTERFERENCE Generation of radio-frequency electromagnetic field level maps Recommendation ITU-T K.113 Rec. ITU-T K.113 (11/2015) i Recommendation ITU-T K.113 Gene
2、ration of radio-frequency electromagnetic field level maps Summary Recommendation ITU-T K.113 provides guidance on how to make radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) maps for assessing existing exposure levels over large areas of cities or territories and for an appropriate public disclosure
3、 of the results, in a simple and understandable way. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID*1.0 ITU-T K.113 2015-11-29 5 11.1002/1000/12666 _ *To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendat
4、ions unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T K.113 (11/2015) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Tele
5、communication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization
6、Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology
7、 which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance wi
8、th this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory
9、 language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of t
10、his Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the da
11、te of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consul
12、t the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T K.113 (11/2015) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 References. 1 3 Definitions
13、2 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 2 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 3 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 3 5 Conventions 3 5.1 Physical quantities, units and constants 3 6 Methods 4 6.1 Drive test measurements . 4 6.2 Theoretical calculations 5 6.3 Grid method 5 6.4 Combined method 5 6.5 Discrepanc
14、ies between results 6 7 Specifications of the equipment to be used 6 7.1 Equipment for the drive test . 6 7.2 Equipment for spot measurements . 7 7.3 Calibration 7 8 Uncertainties . 7 9 Report on the radio-frequency electromagnetic field levels . 8 Appendix I Example of colour code and alternatives
15、to use of colours for displaying RF-EMF map levels 10 I.1 Example of colour code 10 I.2 Alternative example of colour code . 10 Bibliography. 11 iv Rec. ITU-T K.113 (11/2015) Introduction One of the problems for deployment of telecommunication infrastructure, with regard to public opinion, is the di
16、strust generated by the general populations lack of knowledge of electromagnetic field emissions and their resulting exposure levels. In some countries, this distrust inhibits the deployment of these critical infrastructures, causing unnecessary tensions among the parties involved: citizens, governm
17、ents, telecommunication operators. This Recommendation provides a practical tool for assessing exposure levels in large areas of cities or territories, which complements the simulations, specific measurements and continuous monitoring already being carried out in many countries. (Technical guidance
18、can be found in ITU-T K.52, ITU-T K.61, ITU-T K.70, ITU-T K.83, ITU-T K.91 and ITU-T K.100.) This Recommendation describes methods and tools for the development of the radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) maps. This Recommendation also describes methods for communicating RF-EMF exposure da
19、ta in a visual manner, i.e., through exposure maps, that may be better understood by the general public. Rec. ITU-T K.113 (11/2015) 1 Recommendation ITU-T K.113 Generation of radio-frequency electromagnetic field level maps 1 Scope This Recommendation describes methods and characteristics of the sys
20、tems used for generating radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) maps to assess and communicate RF-EMF exposure levels that people can expect to find in certain areas. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this tex
21、t, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition o
22、f the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T K.52 Recommendation ITU-T K.5
23、2 (2014), Guidance on complying with limits for human exposure to electromagnetic fields. ITU-T K.61 Recommendation ITU-T K.61 (2008), Guidance on measurement and numerical prediction of electromagnetic fields for compliance with human exposure limits for telecommunication installations. ITU-T K.70
24、Recommendation ITU-T K.70 (2007), Mitigation techniques to limit human exposure to EMFs in the vicinity of radiocommunication stations. ITU-T K.83 Recommendation ITU-T K.83 (2011), Monitoring of electromagnetic field levels. ITU-T K.91 Recommendation ITU-T K.91 (2012), Guidance for assessment, evalu
25、ation and monitoring of human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields. ITU-T K.100 Recommendation ITU-T K.100 (2014), Measurement of radio frequency electromagnetic fields to determine compliance with human exposure limits when a base station is put into service. EN 50383 Cenelec EN 50383
26、 (2010), Basic standard for the calculation and measurement of electromagnetic field strength and SAR related to human exposure from radio base stations and fixed terminal stations for wireless telecommunication systems (110 MHz 40 GHz). EN 50413 Cenelec EN 50413 (2008), Basic standard on measuremen
27、t and calculation procedures for human exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (0 Hz 300 GHz). EN 50492 Cenelec EN 50492 (2008), Basic standard for in-situ measurement of electromagnetic field strength related to human exposure in the vicinity of base stations. IEC 60529 IEC 60529
28、(1989), Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code). 2 Rec. ITU-T K.113 (11/2015) ISO/IEC 17025 ISO/IEC 17025 (2005), General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 (2008), Uncertainty of measurement Part 3: Guide to
29、the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995). 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 averaging time ITU-T K.52: Appropriate time period over which exposure is averaged for purposes of determining compliance with the
30、set limits. 3.1.2 electric field strength (E) ITU-T K.83: Magnitude of a field vector at a point that represents the force (F) on a small test charge (q) divided by the charge: E = F/q The electric field strength is expressed in units of volts per metre (V/m). 3.1.3 exposure ITU-T K.83: Exposure occ
31、urs whenever a person is exposed to electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields. 3.1.4 far-field region ITU-T K.83: Region of the field of an antenna where the radial field distribution is essentially dependent inversely on the distance from the antenna. In this region, the field has a predominantl
32、y plane-wave character, i.e., locally uniform distribution of electric field and magnetic field in planes transverse to the direction of propagation. NOTE In the far-field region, the vectors of the electric field E and the magnetic field H are perpendicular to each other, and the quotient between t
33、he value of the electric field strength E and the magnetic field strength H is constant and equals the impedance of free space Z0. 3.1.5 IP (ingress or international protection) IEC 60529: The IP Code, International Protection Marking, sometimes interpreted as Ingress Protection Marking, classifies
34、and rates the degree of protection provided against intrusion (body parts such as hands and fingers), dust, accidental contact, and water by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures. 3.1.6 linearity ITU-T K.83: Maximum deviation over the measurement range of the measured quantity from the closes
35、t linear reference curve defined over the range. 3.1.7 magnetic field strength (H) ITU-T K.83: The magnitude of a field vector at a point that results in a force (F) on a charge q moving with the velocity v: F = q(vH) The magnetic field strength is expressed in units of amperes per metre (A/m). 3.1.
36、8 near-field region ITU-T K.83: Region generally in proximity to an antenna or other radiating structure, in which the electric and magnetic fields do not have a substantially plane-wave character, but vary considerably from point to point. The near-field region is further subdivided into the reacti
37、ve near-field region, which is closest to the radiating structure and that contains most or nearly all of the stored energy, and the radiating near-field region where the radiation field predominates over the reactive field, but lacks substantial plane-wave character and is complex in structure. 3.1
38、.9 power density (S) ITU-T K.83: Radiant power incident perpendicular to a surface, divided by the area of the surface. The power density is expressed in units of watt per square metre (W/m). Rec. ITU-T K.113 (11/2015) 3 3.1.10 root mean square (rms) ITU-T K.83: Effective value or rms value obtained
39、 by taking the square root of the average of the square of the value of the periodic function taken throughout one period. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the following terms: 3.2.1 measurement period: Time between the beginning of a measurement and the start of
40、the next measurement. 3.2.2 measurement time: Time that the measuring equipment needs to perform each measurement, i.e., to take each sample. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: CW Continuous Wave EMF Electromagnetic Field GPS Global Positi
41、oning System RF Radio-Frequency RF-EMF Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field rms root mean square 5 Conventions 5.1 Physical quantities, units and constants The following physical quantities, units and constants, based on international system of units (SI), are used throughout this Recommendation. Q
42、uantity Symbol Unit Unit symbol Current density J ampere per square meter A/m2Electric field strength E volt per meter V/m Electric flux density D coulomb per square meter C/m2Frequency f hertz Hz Magnetic field strength H ampere per meter A/m Magnetic flux density B tesla (Vs/m2) T Permeability hen
43、ries per meter H/m Permittivity farads per meter F/m Wavelength meter m Physical constant Value Speed of light in a vacuum c 2.997 108m/s Permittivity of free space 08.854 1012F/m Permeability of free space 04 107H/m 4 Rec. ITU-T K.113 (11/2015) 6 Methods Three possible methods to generate RF-EMF ma
44、ps are described in clauses 7.1 to 7.3; however, other methods providing similar information may also be used. 6.1 Drive test measurements RF-EMF maps can be generated according to the drive test method, which is widely known in the telecommunication sector, as it is regularly employed to assess cov
45、erage and other related telecommunication network parameters. The drive test method consists of continuously collecting metrics from a moving vehicle. This method requires the installation of the measuring instruments on a vehicle. It is also imperative to include global positioning system (GPS) equ
46、ipment to enable geographical and simultaneous positioning of the measurements. In this approach, the measurement equipment may also respond to up-link radio-frequency (RF) signals from mobile phones and other radio transmitters. Unless frequency-selective measurements are taken, measurement staff s
47、hould not use mobile phones and other radio transmitters. Using this method, the following data may be obtained for each point: GPS position date/time sample value Since the measurements are taken on the move, the measurement time (or integration time) of the equipment used should be taken into acco
48、unt (see the definition for measurement time in clause 3.2.2). Samples (measurements) must be completed within a distance of 5 m for urban areas and within 10 m for non-urban areas. Therefore, the maximum allowed speed of the vehicle must be calculated according to the measurement time of the equipm
49、ent being used. Example 1: measuring equipment with measurement time of 300 ms: if moving at 50 km/h, it will require 4.2 m for each sample to be taken; the maximum speed would be 60 km/h in order to stay within the 5 m distance between samples (urban area). Example 2: measuring equipment with a measurement time of 1 s: the maximum speed to stay within the limit of 5 m between samples is 18 km/h (urban areas); the maximum speed to stay within the limi
