1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T L.1220 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (08/2017) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE
2、PLANT Innovative energy storage technology for stationary use Part 1: Overview of energy storage Recommendation ITU-T L.1220 ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTS
3、IDE PLANT OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES Cable structure and characteristics L.100L.124 Cable evaluation L.125L.149 Guidance and installation technique L.150L.199 OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructure including node element (except cables) L.200L.249 General aspects and network design L.250L.299 MAINTENANCE
4、AND OPERATION Optical fibre cable maintenance L.300L.329 Infrastructure maintenance L.330L.349 Operation support and infrastructure management L.350L.379 Disaster management L.380L.399 PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES L.400L.429 MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES L.430L.449 For further details, please refer to the
5、 list of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T L.1220 (08/2017) i Recommendation ITU-T L.1220 Innovative energy storage technology for stationary use Part 1: Overview of energy storage Summary Recommendation ITU-T L.1220 introduces an open series of documents for different families of technologies (e.g.
6、, battery systems, super-capacitor systems) that will be enriched progressively as new technologies emerge that may significantly impact the field of energy storage. With the increase of new technologies in energy storage there is need for a global overview of an energy storage system for use in sta
7、tionary information and communication technology (ICT) installations in networks, data centres and customer premises equipment (CPE), and simple evaluation of acceptable duration and characterization methods for this specific purpose. Identified parts of this Recommendation series, Innovative energy
8、 storage technology for stationary use, are: Part 1: Overview of energy storage; Part 2: Battery systems; Part 3: Supercapacitor technology. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L.1220 2017-08-13 5 11.1002/1000/13283 Keywords Battery, direct current, double layer
9、capacitor, energy storage, rechargeable battery, secondary battery, supercapacitor. * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec.
10、 ITU-T L.1220 (08/2017) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T
11、 is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study
12、 by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a co
13、llaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain ce
14、rtain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requi
15、rements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right
16、. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellect
17、ual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2017 All rights
18、reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.1220 (08/2017) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 2 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 2 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation .
19、2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 3 5 Conventions 3 5.1 A (interface) 3 5.2 A3 (interface) 4 6 General introduction of the need for electrical energy storage . 4 6.1 Short disturbance and dips filtering 4 6.2 Increased reliability by adding autonomy to cover prolonged grid outages 4 6.3 Self-consumptio
20、n of renewable energy increased by storage for on-grid and off-grid systems . 4 6.4 Smart grid services with energy storage functionality and possible reliability increase 4 6.5 Machine-to-machine and Internet of Things devices power supply 5 6 6 Voltage interface of energy storage solutions 5 7 Evo
21、lution of energy storage 5 8 Selection method of energy storage for ICT stationary use . 7 8.1 Selection method based on general criteria and complementary tests . 7 8.2 Detailed description of the main parameters of energy storage technology. 8 9 Test methods . 10 9.1 General introduction . 10 9.2
22、Test flowchart . 10 9.3 Additional considerations . 12 Appendix I Energy storage (battery, supercapacitor) world-market evolution 13 Appendix II Multi-criteria approach to choosing energy storage . 14 Appendix III Rationale for very short autonomy on good grids obtained by supercapacitor or high-pow
23、er rechargeable battery 18 Bibliography. 22 iv Rec. ITU-T L.1220 (08/2017) Introduction Until early 2000, battery technology has been dominated by lead-acid for stationary and motive uses (e.g., factory fork lifts, engine starters). Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium have been used for mobile d
24、evices, portable tools and partially for electric vehicles. They have also been used for highly reliable and secure applications in fields such as industry, transport, etc. The recent and relatively fast evolution of batteries, in particular lithium-ion, has been driven by the rapid development of e
25、lectric cars for urban use in fleets and more recently for popular commuter use in vehicles for public and private transport. The latest battery research has been directed toward technology enhancements that support an increase in distance travelled by vehicles using a single charge and a reduction
26、in the time taken to re-charge the battery. Vehicle battery technology is rapidly expanding to include other battery technology areas offering product advantages in terms of reduced cost, safety, higher energy density levels and quicker charging. These include solid state batteries, aluminum ion, li
27、thium sulfur and metal air. These strong developments of battery technologies can be applied to the stationary information and communication technology (ICT) industry. An energy storage and generation technology that appears to move in and out of the battery lime light is the fuel cell. This technol
28、ogy comes in various assortments, but is best known as the hydrogen fuel cell for which a very high-power density of 0.7 W.cm-2, or higher, is possible, depending on operating conditions. Car manufacturers are considering extending the range of batteries with general optimization in hybrid solutions
29、 for fuel cells, or internal and external engine generators. Fuel cell technology remains a potential contender for future use by electric vehicle manufacturers. Fuel cells have also been used in several ICT site trials and installations by major telecom providers. The European Union (EU) Renewable
30、energy directive (https:/ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-directive) states that the EU is to meet at least 20% of its total energy needs with renewable energy by 2020. This is to be achieved through the attainment of individual national targets by member states. In a
31、revision of the directive, the EU targets at least 27% renewable energy of their final energy consumption by 2030. Depending on the energy mix, the existing electric grid can accept an average injection of up to 10 to 30% of renewable energy by only adding big regional energy storages. For example,
32、water pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH) or air compressed energy storage CAES connected to the high-voltage grid. Above this level of intermittent renewable energy, in some places or more generally in regions or countries, there is a need for smaller local storages, in general, made of electro-c
33、hemical batteries. Statistical analysis carried out within the EU in 2014 showed that 25.4% of its total primary energy production came from renewables. This was made up of 16% biofuels, 4.2% hydropower, 2.83% wind and 1.55% solar. These technologies were further augmented with large regional energy
34、 storage solutions such as water PSH and CAES, both solutions offering peak time energy stability to the high-voltage grid. Although the EU can boast of having very high levels of renewable energy solutions, there is a need to further support these solutions in some regions where large renewable ene
35、rgies are still in development or offer intermittent or limited energy supply. This point is particularly true in some countries outside of EU borders where there is a need for smaller local storage solutions. In general, these solutions comprise of electro-chemical batteries. In an attempt to make
36、ICT sites more autonomous or interactive with the local utilities (e.g., peak shaving, demand response), local battery installations are offering self-consumption of renewable energy. This is achieved by charging local battery stacks using solar technology and, as such, providing site power at night
37、 and in periods of bad weather. In these particular examples, there is a need to move away from pure back-up float batteries to cyclic batteries, and in addition where site power requirements dictate, short-term storage solutions, such as supercapacitors, should be considered. Rec. ITU-T L.1220 (08/
38、2017) v With the development of new sectors, such as Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies, uninterrupted stationary energy supplies have become more and more important where energy consumption is too great for using primary batteries given their size, cost and frequency
39、 of replacement. Therefore, rechargeable batteries are necessary for resilience and energy harvesting. Further information on all these subjects can be found in various studies on energy storage such as b-IEC WPstorage and other presentations and publications such as b-IRES + ESE 2016-T technologies
40、 types and their main properties; adaptation to requirements (e.g., functionalities, technology availability, electrical characteristics, environmental adaptation, maintenance type, cost); national or regional rules and regulations. The Recommendation highlights the need for evaluation methods that
41、are complementary to existing battery standards as they allow different time-frames including shorter tests compared to common energy storage industry tests. This Recommendation is Part 1 of a series of Recommendations that cover energy storage technologies (e.g., battery, supercapacitor) applicable
42、 to stationary telecom/ICT equipment used in telecom networks, data centres and customer premises equipment (CPE). 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time
43、 of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A l
44、ist of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T L.1001 Recommendation ITU-T L.1001 (2012), External universal power adapter solutions for
45、 stationary information and communication technology devices. ITU-T L.1200 Recommendation ITU-T L.1200 (2012), Direct current power feeding interface up to 400 V at the input to telecommunication and ICT equipment. ETSI EN 300 132-2 ETSI EN 300 132-2 V2.3.6 (2011), Environmental Engineering (EE); Po
46、wer supply interface at the input to telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment; Part 2: Operated by 48 V direct current (dc). 2 Rec. ITU-T L.1220 (08/2017) 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation uses the following terms define elsewhere: 3.1.1 electrical equipment b-IEC 6
47、0050-826: Item used for purposes like storage, generation, conversion, distribution or utilization of electric energy (e.g., electrical machines, transformers, switch gear and control gear, measuring instruments, wiring systems, current-using equipment, etc.). 3.1.2 ICT equipment ITU-T L.1200: Infor
48、mation and communication equipment (e.g., switch, transmitter, router, server, and peripheral devices) used in telecommunication centres, data-centres and customer premises. 3.1.3 load shifting b-IADC: Moving an entire load from a peak time to an off-peak time. 3.1.4 nano grid, micro grid b-ITU-T L.
49、1205: A local area grid connecting some buildings together at relatively short distances. It can be in AC or DC. In general, a nano grid is lower than 100 kW and a micro grid can be of higher power. 3.1.5 renewable energy b-ITU-T L.1205: Mainly non-fossil fuel converted into electricity (e.g., solar energy, wind, water flow, biomass) which can be obtained from natural resources that can be constantly replenished. 3.1.6 smart grid b-EU mandate: A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can cost efficiently inte
