1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T L.1502 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (11/2015) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE
2、PLANT Adapting information and communication technology infrastructure to the effects of climate change Recommendation ITU-T L.1502 Rec. ITU-T L.1502 (11/2015) i Recommendation ITU-T L.1502 Adapting information and communication technology infrastructure to the effects of climate change Summary Info
3、rmation and communication technologies (ICTs) can be part of the solution to climate change by, for example, helping countries adapt to the effects of climate change. At the same time, ICT equipment and infrastructure are themselves exposed to the effects of climate change and therefore need to be b
4、oth robust and resilient. Recommendation ITU-T L.1502 identifies direct and indirect threats of climate change on ICT services and provides options for adaptation and mitigation. These threats include extreme rainfall, flooding, landslides, extreme wind, lightning, extreme humidity, drought, ice sto
5、rms and heavy snowfall. This Recommendation was developed within the framework of Recommendation ITU-T L.1500. It focuses on telecommunication networks and infrastructure. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L.1502 2015-11-29 5 11.1002/1000/12629 Keywords Adaptat
6、ion, climate change, ICT, information and communication technology, infrastructure, telecommunications. * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/10
7、00/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T L.1502 (11/2015) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent
8、 organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes
9、the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards
10、are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommend
11、ation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are u
12、sed to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intelle
13、ctual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received
14、 notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/.
15、ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.1502 (11/2015) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in th
16、is Recommendation . 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 Conventions 2 6 Adaptation of ICT infrastructure 2 6.1 Impact of climate change on ICT infrastructure . 2 6.2 Direct consequences of climate change for ICTs . 3 6.3 Indirect consequences of climate change for ICTs . 8 6.4 Checklist . 10 Annex A
17、Checklist of climate change effect and their impact on ICT infrastructure components . 11 Bibliography. 12 Rec. ITU-T L.1502 (11/2015) 1 Recommendation ITU-T L.1502 Adapting information and communication technology infrastructure to the effects of climate change 1 Scope This Recommendation describes
18、 how information and communication technology (ICT) can adapt to or may be adapted to cope with the effects of climate change. It provides a set of requirements and it is to be referred to when planning or upgrading ICT infrastructure to adapt to the effects of climate change. The term ICT infrastru
19、cture includes the telecommunication network and its elements such as terrestrial cables, submarine cables, wireless antennas, satellite networks, towers, telecom offices, data centres and customer premises equipment. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain prov
20、isions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possib
21、ility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommen
22、dation. ITU-T L.3 Recommendation ITU-T L.3 (1988), Armouring of cables. ITU-T L.26 Recommendation ITU-T L.26 (2015), Optical fibre cables for aerial application. ITU-T L.46 Recommendation ITU-T L.46 (2000), Protection of telecommunication cables and plant from biological attack. ITU-T L.67 Recommend
23、ation ITU-T L.67 (2006), Small count optical fibre cables for indoor applications. ITU-T L.1500 Recommendation ITU-T L.1500 (2014), Framework for information and communication technologies and adaptation to the effects of climate change. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation
24、uses the following terms defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 climate change ITU-T L.1500: Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) uses a relatively broad definition, refer
25、ring to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or exter
26、nal forces, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. b-IPPC SPM The IPCC makes a distinction between climate change that is directly attributable to human activities, and climate variability that is attributable to natural causes. For the purposes o
27、f this report, either definition may be suitable depending on the context of analysis. 2 Rec. ITU-T L.1502 (11/2015) 3.1.2 climate change adaptation ITU-T L.1500: Adaptation to climate change can be defined as the adjustment in ecological, social or economic systems in response to actual or expected
28、 climatic stimuli and their effects. It refers to changes in processes, practices and structures to moderate potential harm or benefit from opportunities associated with climate change. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation None. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following
29、 abbreviations and acronyms: HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning ICT Information and Communication Technology IPCC Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change LAN Local Area Network TSP Telecommunications Service Provider 5 Conventions None. 6 Adaptation of ICT infrastructure 6.1 Impact of
30、 climate change on ICT infrastructure More intense and frequent climatic extremes are expected as a result of climate change. These extremes pose a threat to industries, like the ICT industry that relies on physical infrastructures. There is an increased risk of service disruption to a range of esse
31、ntial services which now depend on ICT. b-IPPC 2012 quotes: Major settlements are dependent on lengthy infrastructure networks for water, power, telecommunications, transport, and trade, which are exposed to a wide range of extreme events (e.g., heavy precipitation and snow, gale winds). Modern logi
32、stics systems are intended to minimize slack and redundancies and as a result are particularly vulnerable to disruption by extreme events. Telecommunication networks and related ICTs must therefore be able to cope with extreme weather events. A more robust and resilient infrastructure may be require
33、d in the future than the infrastructure that is in operation today. Costs can be greatly reduced by considering the requirements at the initial design stage rather than by retrospective upgrade. The need for the ICT infrastructure to cope with extremes of climate or adapt to its effects can be consi
34、dered from two complementary perspectives the direct and the indirect perspectives. b-ITU-T L.92 deals with disaster management for outside plant facilities. It gives an overview of the technical considerations for protecting outside plant facilities from natural disasters. Disaster management for o
35、utside plant facilities such as cables, poles and manholes are introduced, and countermeasures for natural disasters such as earthquakes, strong winds and floods are described. Rec. ITU-T L.1502 (11/2015) 3 Figure 1 Most destructive natural disasters As described in b-ITU-T L.92, sixteen countries r
36、esponded to a questionnaire on the protection of outside plant facilities from natural disasters. One of the results of the questionnaire is shown in Figure 1, which ranks natural disasters according to their destructiveness. Most of these natural disasters can be expected to become more frequent as
37、 a result of climate change. Note however that the relationship between climate change and earthquakes is being considered, but has yet to be acknowledged by the IPCC b-IPPC Quake. In addition to these effects, this Recommendation also considers the risks to ICT infrastructure posed by more extreme
38、changes in temperature, humidity, drought, ice storms and heavy snowfall, and considers ways to make the infrastructure more robust so as to reduce the impact of natural disasters. 6.2 Direct consequences of climate change for ICTs Direct effects of climate change on ICTs include the vulnerability o
39、f ICT equipment to extreme weather events such as increased flooding, wind speed, precipitation, humidity, temperature, snow and ice fall and lightning strikes. The ICT infrastructure includes telecommunication centres, outside plants, data centres, base stations and user terminals, including handse
40、ts. The ICT devices making up this infrastructure are designed to operate within specified ranges of temperature and humidity, and need protection against dust and/or water ingress. When ICT devices operate outside their specified environmental conditions, they are at risk of malfunction, failure an
41、d/or damage. Most ICT services depend upon an end-to-end connection to be maintained for their operation. Telecommunication service providers (TSPs) and other network-based industries are applying techniques such as redundancy (of equipment and of path) to avoid single points of failure which could
42、disrupt service. Such redundancy is usually applied to trunk routes where many users share a common path. This does not totally remove the risk of failure and many parts of the network remain unprotected and are thus vulnerable to climate change-related weather events. TSPs are significantly exposed
43、 to physical risks since extreme weather conditions could result in network damage, restoration costs, loss of revenue and rising insurance costs. Network-based service providers may have to consider protecting or relocating elements of their network that could become exposed to damage from severe w
44、eather conditions. This is particularly true in the case of remote sites, especially in developing countries, where road access to the sites is needed for access and maintenance and often for providing energy supplies. Operators have already begun taking into consideration climate change when planni
45、ng the location of new central nodes for next generation networks. 4 Rec. ITU-T L.1502 (11/2015) Wireless technologies may be seen as more resilient, and could fare better than fixed networks when climate-related events strike, although their backhaul is becoming increasingly dependent on the higher
46、 capacity of fixed network technology such as optical fibre. As ITU has noted, In many cases, when disaster strikes the wired telecommunication infrastructure is significantly or completely destroyed and only radio communication services can be employed for disaster relief operation (especially amat
47、eur radios and satellite systems) b-ITU Climate. 6.2.1 Temperature The failure rate of an electrical component increases exponentially with temperature. Each component has an activation energy that is characteristic of its chemical composition. Failure will result when the temperature rises sufficie
48、ntly to cause breakdown in the chemical or crystal lattice. Components are therefore highly underrated so that they operate in a statistically safe temperature range b-ITU Adapt. Since ICT equipment and facilities usually require proper cooling for their performance management, longer and more inten
49、se heat waves, high temperature atmosphere and long tropical nights increase the risk of performance degradation and even device failure. Semiconductor parts are most often specified for use in the commercial 0-70C and, to a lesser extent, in the industrial 40 to +85C operating temperature ranges. These ranges generally satisfy the demands of the computer, telecommunication and consumer electronic industries. Some components such as processors are designed to run hot: perhaps 50C or more above ambient temperatu
