1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T L.1503 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (06/2016) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE
2、PLANT Use of information and communication technology for climate change adaptation in cities Recommendation ITU-T L.1503 ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE
3、 PLANT OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES Cable structure and characteristics L.100L.124 Cable evaluation L.125L.149 Guidance and installation technique L.150L.199 OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructure including node element (except cables) L.200L.249 General aspects and network design L.250L.299 MAINTENANCE AND
4、 OPERATION Optical fibre cable maintenance L.300L.329 Infrastructure maintenance L.330L.349 Operation support and infrastructure management L.350L.379 Disaster management L.380L.399 PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES L.400L.429 MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES L.430L.449 For further details, please refer to the li
5、st of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T L.1503 (06/2016) i Recommendation ITU-T L.1503 Use of information and communication technology for climate change adaptation in cities Summary This Recommendation is aimed at a broad audience of stakeholders interested in information and communication technolo
6、gies (ICTs), climate change adaptation, and smart sustainable cities (SSCs), including city decision-makers and planners. Urban stakeholders, including mayors and city planners, are invited to consider novel approaches to sustainability by integrating the use of ICTs in their climate change adaptati
7、on strategies and policies. The following are the key steps: assess climate change risks and vulnerabilities: develop an action plan; identify the role of ICTs and infrastructure in the adaptation plan; implement adaptation actions; monitor and evaluate adaptation actions using ICT. Climate change m
8、ay negatively impact urban ICT infrastructure and the provision of key public services (e.g., health, water supply and sanitation, energy provision, waste management, mobility, urban planning and food security), which are all crucial dimensions for sustainable development and are becoming heavily de
9、pendent on ICTs for their operation. The main areas where ICTs can support urban adaptation policies are: the development of effective climate-related disaster risk management (DRM) programmes in cities; the early stage of urbanization planning, by providing high quality data and information to help
10、 city planners to cope with climate change and build resilient cities; facilitation of communication and exchange of information between the relevant stakeholders involved in climate change adaptation for informed decision-making. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 IT
11、U-T L.1503 2016-06-22 5 11.1002/1000/12628 Keywords Adaptation, cities, climate change, ICT, information and communication technology, infrastructure, telecommunications. * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Reco
12、mmendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T L.1503 (06/2016) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The
13、ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standard
14、ization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information te
15、chnology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compl
16、iance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other ob
17、ligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementat
18、ion of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As o
19、f the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged t
20、o consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.1503 (06/2016) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3
21、Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 Conventions 2 6 Adaptation of ICT infrastructure 3 6.1 Climate change adaptation in cities 3 6.2 Climate change risks, vulnerabilities and impacts in cities 3 6.3 Approaches to c
22、limate change adaptation in cities . 8 7 The role of ICTs in climate change adaptation in cities . 10 7.1 ICTs for enhanced disaster risk management . 12 7.2 ICTs for city resilience and adaptive capacity . 14 7.3 ICTs for informed adaptation decision-making . 15 8 Framework for integration of ICTs
23、into urban climate change adaptation plans . 17 8.1 Engaging stakeholders for the integration of ICTs into urban climate change adaptation plans 18 9 Smart sustainable city adaptation checklist 19 Appendix I Best practices in climate change adaptation 22 Appendix II Best practices in disaster early
24、warning networks 23 Appendix III Best practices in virtual centres on climate change . 24 Appendix IV Best practices in use of satellite-based technology . 25 Appendix V Best practices to improve resilience in telecommunications networks 26 Appendix VI Best practices in ICTs for environmental monito
25、ring . 28 Appendix VII Best practices in ICTs for climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector . 30 Appendix VIII Best practices in use of ICTs for informed adaptation decision-making . 31 Appendix IX Best practices in use of social media in climate change adaptation 32 Bibliography. 33 iv R
26、ec. ITU-T L.1503 (06/2016) Introduction Climate change is a serious challenge for cities around the world. b-IPCC, 2014 indicates that “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocea
27、n have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen.“ Although rapid urban growth is often seen as contributing to climate change and environmental degradation, cities forming the epicentre of urban growth can also be highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Cl
28、imate change threatens to increase vulnerability, undermine economic gains, hinder social and economic development, and worsen access to basic services and the quality of life of citizens. Therefore, it is imperative for cities to adapt to climate change. Information and communication technologies (
29、ICTs) have the potential to play a leading role in climate change adaptation. They can help to enhance and improve climate change adaptation strategies in cities. This Recommendation responds to the need to explore how ICTs can support urban adaptation to climate change and for the integration of IC
30、Ts in climate change adaptation programmes in cities. Climate change adaptation strategies could receive a fundamental boost if national, regional and local governments choose to harness and utilize the transformational potential of ICTs. This Recommendation recognizes that the impacts of climate ch
31、ange in cities could be significant. This is because cities contribute significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP), since economic activities are centred in and around them for every nation. Climate change could disrupt economic activities and services, damaging important sectors and services,
32、 including water supply and sanitation, agriculture, urban planning, mobility, building infrastructure, energy, health, waste management and food security. This Recommendation identifies three enabling roles of ICTs for climate adaptation in cities. Using ICTs can: first, enhance disaster risk manag
33、ement (DRM); second, improve city resilience and adaptive capacity; and third, inform adaptation decision-making. For these three roles, this Recommendation provides detailed examples, drawing from a wide and prolific range of country and city experience. In order to guide countries in their overall
34、 adaptation planning and implementation, a national adaptation plan (NAP) process has been put in place under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The NAP process allows countries to develop their adaptation activities in a coherent and strategic manner. Based on the N
35、AP process, countries can reduce their vulnerability to the impacts of, and build adaptive capacity and resilience to, climate change. This process also helps to facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation into the already existing development planning processes within all the sectors in
36、 a city. This Recommendation gives a general overview of the enabling role of ICTs in climate change adaptation plans and policies. It suggests a guiding framework to support cities in the challenging process of adapting to climate change. This Recommendation also provides several case studies from
37、developed and developing countries that could encourage other countries to develop climate change adaptation plans along similar lines. Rec. ITU-T L.1503 (06/2016) 1 Recommendation ITU-T L.1503 Use of information and communication technology for climate change adaptation in cities 1 Scope This Recom
38、mendation identifies the impacts of climate change in cities and explains why cities need to adapt to its harmful effects. The roles ICTs can play in helping cities to adapt to climate change are presented. An ICT-based framework for climate change adaptation is included to assist policy makers in d
39、eveloping effective adaptation strategies and building resilient cities. Key stakeholders involved in urban climate change adaptation strategies are identified. A checklist is included to assess the integration of ICTs into an urban climate change adaptation plan, and to identify aspects that could
40、be strengthened in local adaptation planning and response. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All
41、Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regu
42、larly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T L.1501 Recommendation ITU-T L.1501 (2014), Best practices on how countries can utilize ICTs to adapt to the effects of climate change. ITU-T L.15
43、02 Recommendation ITU-T L.1502 (2015), Adapting information and communication technology infrastructure to the effects of climate change. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 adaptive capacity Glossary AD of b-IPCC, 2007: The
44、 ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences. 3.1.2 climate change b-ITU-T L.1500: Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether du
45、e to natural variability or as a result of human activity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) uses a relatively broad definition, referring to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability o
46、f its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forces, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. The IPCC makes a distinction between climat
47、e change that is directly attributable to human activities, and climate variability that is attributable to natural causes. For the purposes of this Recommendation, either definition may be suitable depending on the context of analysis. 2 Rec. ITU-T L.1503 (06/2016) 3.1.3 climate change adaptation b
48、-ITU-T L.1500: Adaptation to climate change can be defined as the adjustment in ecological, social or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects. It refers to changes in processes, practices and structures to moderate potential harm or benefit from opportun
49、ities associated with climate change. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the following terms: 3.2.1 smart sustainable city: An innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects. 3.2.2 snowpack: A mass of lying snow th
