1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series G TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 42 (04/2014) SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS Guide on the use of the ITU-T Recommendations related to optical fibres
2、 and systems technology ITU-T G-series Recommendations Supplement 42 ITU-T G-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUITS G.100G.199 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO ALL ANALOGUE CARRIER-TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS G.2
3、00G.299 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS ON METALLIC LINES G.300G.399 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS ON RADIO-RELAY OR SATELLITE LINKS AND INTERCONNECTION WITH METALLIC LINES G.400G.449 COORDINATION OF RADIOTELEPHONY AND LINE T
4、ELEPHONY G.450G.499 TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND OPTICAL SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS G.600G.699 DIGITAL TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS G.700G.799 DIGITAL NETWORKS G.800G.899 DIGITAL SECTIONS AND DIGITAL LINE SYSTEM G.900G.999 MULTIMEDIA QUALITY OF SERVICE AND PERFORMANCE GENERIC AND USER-RELATED ASPECTS G.1000G.1999 TRA
5、NSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS G.6000G.6999 DATA OVER TRANSPORT GENERIC ASPECTS G.7000G.7999 PACKET OVER TRANSPORT ASPECTS G.8000G.8999 ACCESS NETWORKS G.9000G.9999 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. G series Supplement 42 (04/2014) i Supplement 42 to ITU-T G-se
6、ries Recommendations Guide on the use of the ITU-T Recommendations related to optical fibres and systems technology Summary Supplement 42 to ITU-T G-series Recommendations contains a functional grouping of the ITU-T Recommendations on optical fibres and systems technology (e.g., optical fibres and c
7、ables, physical optical interfaces and optical fibre submarine cable systems). An introduction to each category with more than one Recommendation outlines the subjects which are common to the category. For each Recommendation, there is a short description of the purpose, content and, in many cases,
8、the evolution of the content in the subsequent versions. There are also cross-references to the other Recommendations dealing with related issues. The main purpose of this guide is to give to developing countries an improved capability in the application of standards, while the telecommunication ind
9、ustry, particularly manufacturers and operators, could benefit from the greater involvement of developing countries in the making and application of standards. The guide could also have a wider use among manufacturers and operators who are not directly involved in the preparation of this group of Re
10、commendations and they could find the guide to be a useful tool both for rapidly focusing on the Recommendation(s) of specific interest and for better understanding the meaning and the objectives of each Recommendation. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T G Suppl
11、. 42 2008-02-22 15 11.1002/1000/1353 2.0 ITU-T G Suppl. 42 2011-02-25 15 11.1002/1000/11325 3.0 ITU-T G Suppl. 42 2014-04-04 15 11.1002/1000/12198 _ * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID.
12、 For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii G series Supplement 42 (04/2014) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunica
13、tion Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly
14、(WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fa
15、ll within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publ
16、ication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “mu
17、st“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may invo
18、lve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publica
19、tion, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/w
20、ww.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. G series Supplement 42 (04/2014) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 2 3.1 Terms defined elsewhe
21、re 2 3.2 Terms defined in this Supplement 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 Evolution of optical technology and of the related ITU-T Recommendations 4 5.1 The first phase 4 5.2 The second phase 4 5.3 The third phase . 5 5.4 The fourth phase . 5 5.5 The fifth phase 6 5.6 Applications of optical fibr
22、es and systems technology in the telecommunication networks 7 6 Functional grouping of ITU-T Recommendations on optical technology 7 7 Other standardization organizations working on optical technology . 9 7.1 IEC Technical Committee 86 (TC 86) . 9 7.2 OIF 10 7.3 IEEE 802 10 8 Application of ITU-T Re
23、commendations related to optical fibres and systems technology . 11 8.1 Optical fibres and cables: definitions and test methods for single-mode optical fibres and cables . 11 8.2 Optical fibres and cables: multimode fibres . 13 8.3 Optical fibres and cables: single-mode fibres 14 8.4 Spectral grids
24、21 8.5 Physical optical interfaces 23 8.6 Free space optical systems 36 8.7 All optical networks . 37 8.8 Optical monitoring 39 8.9 Optical safety 40 8.10 Optical amplifiers, components and subsystems 41 8.11 Optical fibre submarine cable systems . 48 8.12 Informative Supplements with informative co
25、ntent: Supplements and appendices on optical technology . 60 G series Supplement 42 (04/2014) 1 Supplement 42 to ITU-T G-series Recommendations Guide on the use of the ITU-T Recommendations related to optical fibres and systems technology 1 Scope WTSA-04 Resolution 44 (Bridging the standardization g
26、ap between developing and developed countries) requires the preparation of guiding documents to assist in the implementation of ITU-T Recommendations that could be used by developing countries in preparing national specific requirements for deploying new networks and services. In this way, developin
27、g countries could benefit from an improved capability in the application of standards, while the telecommunication industry, particularly manufacturers and operators, could benefit from the greater involvement of developing countries in the making and application of standards. The main objective of
28、this Guide on the use of the ITU-T Recommendations related to optical fibres and systems technology is to fulfil these requirements from the WTSA. However, the guide could also have a wider use among manufacturers and operators who are not directly involved in the preparation of this group of Recomm
29、endations and they could find the guide to be a useful tool both for rapidly focusing on the Recommendation(s) of specific interest and for better understanding the meaning and the objectives of each Recommendation. Recommendations related to the construction of optical cables, to the installation t
30、echniques (duct, tunnel, aerial, buried, mini-trench, micro-trench, etc.) and the associated hardware (closures, connectors, cabinets, poles, etc.) are outside the scope of this Guide because they are dealt with in ITU-T L-Guide. 2 References ITU-T G.707 Recommendation ITU-T G.707/Y.1322 (2007), Net
31、work node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH). ITU-T G.709 Recommendation ITU-T G.709/Y.1331 (2009), Interfaces for the optical transport network. ITU-T G.872 Recommendation ITU-T G.872 (2012), Architecture of optical transport networks. ITU-T L-Guide ITU-T Technical Paper (2008),
32、Guide on the use of ITU-T L-series Recommendations. IEC 60825-1 IEC 60825-1 (2007), Safety of laser products Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements. IEC 60825-2 IEC 60825-2 (2007), Safety of laser products Part 2: Safety of optical fibre communication systems (OFCS). IEC 61290 IEC 61290-x
33、-series (1998), Optical amplifiers Test methods. 2 G series Supplement 42 (04/2014) IEC 61291-1 IEC 61291-1 (2006), Optical amplifiers Part 1: Generic specification. IEC 61292-4 IEC 61292-4 (2010), Optical amplifiers Part 4: Maximum permissible optical power for the damage-free and safe use of optic
34、al amplifiers, including Raman amplifiers. IEEE 802.3ba IEEE Std 802.3ba-2010, IEEE Standard for Information technology Local and metropolitan area networks Specific requirements Part 3: CSMA/CD Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications Amendment 4: Media Access Control Parameters, Physical La
35、yers, and Management Parameters for 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Operation. Agrawal Agrawal, G.P. (2002), Fiber-optic Communication Systems, 3rd Edition, John Wiley ii) by deploying the optical channels not only in the C-band, but also in the short wavelength S-band (1 460-1 530 nm) and in the long waveleng
36、th L-band (1 565-1 625 nm). The Raman amplification technique could be used for signals in all three wavelength bands. Moreover, a new type of fibre, known as the dry or low water peak fibre has been developed with the property that fibre losses are small over the entire wavelength region extending
37、from 1.3 to 1.65 m. Availability of such fibres and new amplification schemes may lead to lightwave systems with a larger number of WDM channels on a single optical fibre; iii) by increasing the bit rate of each channel within the WDM signal. Starting in 2000, many experiments used channels operatin
38、g at 40 Gbit/s. Moreover, starting from 2006, some experiments demonstrated the feasibility of systems operating up to 100 Gbit/s per channel. Most of these new systems require an extremely careful management of their dispersion and new techniques to deal with polarization time variant effects (1st
39、and 2nd order PMD, polarization dependent loss (PDL), etc.). The second direction of evolution is the reduction of the number of expensive OEO conversions within the optical transport networks (OTNs). The two main reasons for the reduction in the number of OEO conversions are that DWDM systems are b
40、ecoming capable of carrying light signals for thousands of kilometres without electrical regeneration and that photonic cross-connect (PXC) and reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) are becoming available with the capacity, space requirements, power consumption, reliability and cost
41、suitable for their use in the telecommunication networks. With this evolution it is possible to foresee that all optical networks (AONs) could extend to all potential routes of the backbone network of a medium size country with optical paths of up to around 2 000 km. In the framework of these evolut
42、ions, several ITU-T Recommendations have already been prepared and the preparation of others is under way. Among those completed it is possible to quote Recommendation ITU-T G.656 for a fibre with non-zero dispersion for wideband optical transport, the extension of Recommendation ITU-T G.959.1 to al
43、so include 40 Gbit/s systems and 100 Gbit/s (striped across 4x25 Gbit/s lines) systems, Recommendation ITU-T G.672 with a description of relevant characteristics of multi-degree reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (MD-ROADM) network elements and Recommendation ITU-T G.680 which allows operat
44、ors to take optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) and PXCs from different vendors and integrate them into an AON without having to add expensive OEO conversions. G series Supplement 42 (04/2014) 7 5.6 Applications of optical fibres and systems technology in the telecommunication networks Given that
45、the first-generation systems had a capacity of 34-45 Mbit/s per fibre in 1980, the capacity of optical systems has jumped by a factor of more than 10 000 over a period of 30 years. Also over the same period the applications of optical technology progressively moved from short distance links (a few t
46、ens of kilometres) to the very long distance links of the backbone networks, completely substituting the traditional copper conductors. In recent years, optical fibres and systems technology have also started to be deployed in access networks. 6 Functional grouping of ITU-T Recommendations on optica
47、l technology A possible functional grouping of ITU-T Recommendations on optical fibres and systems technology is shown in Table 6-1. Table 6-1 ITU-T G-series Recommendations by subject matter Category Recommendations Title Optical fibres and cables: definitions and test methods ITU-T G.650.1 Definit
48、ion and test methods for linear, deterministic attributes of single-mode fibre and cable ITU-T G.650.2 Definition and test methods for statistical and non-linear related attributes of single-mode fibre and cable ITU-T G.650.3 Test methods for installed single-mode optical fibre cable links Optical f
49、ibres and cables: multimode fibres ITU-T G.651 Characteristics of a 50/125 m multimode graded index optical fibre cable ITU-T G.651.1 Characteristics of a 50/125 m multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network Optical fibres and cables: single-mode fibres ITU-T G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable ITU-T G.653 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable ITU-T G.654 Characteristics of a cut-
