1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series L TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 27 (10/2016) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEM
2、ENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT Success stories on e-waste management ITU-T L-series Recommendations Supplement 27 ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT OPTICAL FI
3、BRE CABLES Cable structure and characteristics L.100L.124 Cable evaluation L.125L.149 Guidance and installation technique L.150L.199 OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructure including node element (except cables) L.200L.249 General aspects and network design L.250L.299 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION Optica
4、l fibre cable maintenance L.300L.329 Infrastructure maintenance L.330L.349 Operation support and infrastructure management L.350L.379 Disaster management L.380L.399 PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES L.400L.429 MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES L.430L.449 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recom
5、mendations. L series Supplement 27 (10/2016) i Supplement 27 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations Success stories on e-waste management Summary This Supplement sheds light on e-waste management success stories in different countries. The Supplement covers different policies, legislation, initiatives, a
6、nd different stakeholders involvement (government, private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and informal sector). It has been developed in response to WTSA Resolution 79 (Dubai, 2012), which instructed ITU-T Study Group 5 to develop and document examples of success stories in countries
7、 and regions in handling and managing e-waste generated from telecommunications and ICT equipment. It is complementary to the Supplement guidelines for developing a sustainable e-waste management system, currently being discussed by Q13/5. However, the guidelines introduced in this Supplement apply
8、to all categories of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEE). The Supplement presents some countries and regions success stories of e-waste management that could be used as best practice guidance. They may be adopted by countries or regions working on developing adequate e-waste management s
9、ystems to improve their processes and procedures. Finally, the Supplement strongly encourages ITU membership to adopt ITU-T standards and internationally recognized indicators. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L Suppl. 27 2016-10-14 5 11.1002/1000/13150 Keywor
10、ds Africa, Asia, Australia, Caribbean, collection, dismantling, electronic equipment, end-of-life, end-of-life management, Europe, extended producer responsibility, informal sector, Latin America, legislation, North America, polices, producer, recycling, refurbishment, repair, reuse, secondary raw m
11、aterials, second-hand EEE, e-waste, e-waste management, used EEE, waste, waste sorting, WEEE * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en
12、. ii L series Supplement 27 (10/2016) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ
13、 of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the to
14、pics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are pr
15、epared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may conta
16、in certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express req
17、uirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. IT
18、U takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual proper
19、ty, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2017 All rights reserved. No
20、part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. L series Supplement 27 (10/2016) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Supplement 1 4 Abbreviati
21、ons and acronyms 1 5 Introduction . 1 6 Overview of e-waste management practices in regions and countries . 2 6.1 E-waste management practices in the African region 6 6.2 E-waste management practices in the Asia-Pacific Region . 16 6.3 E-waste management practices in the Latin America and Caribbean
22、region 18 6.4 E-waste management in the North American region . 22 6.5 E-waste management practices in Europe 23 7 Next steps 25 L series Supplement 27 (10/2016) 1 Supplement 27 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations Success stories on e-waste management 1 Scope The scope of this Supplement is to present
23、 some countries and regions success stories on adequate e-waste management which could be adopted by countries working on developing adequate e-waste management systems. The purpose of the Supplement is to present the different procedures and processes adopted by countries to adequately manage their
24、 e-waste, not to select or endorse the best methods or practices. 2 References ITU-T L.1410 Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 (2014), Methodology for environmental life cycle assessments of information and communication technology goods, networks and services. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere Non
25、e. 3.2 Terms defined in this Supplement None. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms CRC Computer Restoration and refurbishment Centre CRT Cathode Ray Tube CU Central Unit board EACO East Africa Communications Organizations EPR Extended Producers Responsibility NEMA National Environmental Management Authority
26、 NGO Non-Governmental Organization PCB Printed Circuit Board SWEEP NET Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise Network WEE Waste Electrical equipment WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic equipment 5 Introduction Environmental challenges, including waste problems are recognized as
27、a significant worldwide issue. The growing use of ICT and the innovations in its sector have resulted in large amounts of e-waste within a short span of time. This global problem is addressed by governments, non-governmental organizations and relevant private companies. In many countries and regions
28、, methods and solutions 2 L series Supplement 27 (10/2016) are defined to measure and handle e-waste (collection, pre-processing, dismantling, end-processing etc.). This Supplement has been developed in response to WTSA Resolution 79 (Dubai, 2012), which instructed ITU-T Study Group 5 to develop and
29、 document examples of countries success stories for handling and managing e-waste generated from telecommunications and ICT equipment. This Supplement does not intend to be a guideline for reducing, handling or managing e-waste, However, the guidelines introduced in this Supplement apply to all cate
30、gories of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The Supplement presents some countries and regions success stories of e-waste management that could be used by countries or regions working on developing adequate e-waste management systems to develop or improve their processes and procedur
31、es. Finally, the Supplement strongly encourages ITU membership to adopt ITU-T standards and internationally recognized indicators. 6 Overview of e-waste management practices in regions and countries # Countries or Region name Polices and legislation Lead institution or ministry in charge of e-waste
32、management Collaboration with other parties Statistics on e-waste / EEE, including period of observation Ratification to the conventions and protocols End-of-life management practices (collection, pre- processing, dismantling, end processing) 6.1.1.1 Combination of North African countries via the Re
33、gional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise Network (SWEEP NET ) A study on e-waste was conducted in 2014. This study catered to the development of a harmonised e-waste legal framework All countries administrations Not conclusive. Some countries have carried out inventories while other
34、have not. A study on e-waste was conducted in 2014 which suggests the following action plan in the region: carry out e-waste assessments; set up pilot projects allowing the elaboration of e-waste management practices; develop legal framework; organise multi- stakeholder dialogues; develop e-waste bu
35、siness models; promote EPR; study the setting-up of a regional treatment platform. L series Supplement 27 (10/2016) 3 # Countries or Region name Polices and legislation Lead institution or ministry in charge of e-waste management Collaboration with other parties Statistics on e-waste / EEE, includin
36、g period of observation Ratification to the conventions and protocols End-of-life management practices (collection, pre- processing, dismantling, end processing) 6.1.1.2 Morocco None No adequate data Collect computer equipment from companies, repair it and distribute it to other associations, organi
37、sations and rural schools; Train young people to repair, refurbish and dismantle computer equipment. 6.1.1.3 Egypt Green ICT policy. Plans underway to develop a legal framework, regulation on the import of old equipment None 6.1.1.4 Eqypt 6.1.1.5 Tunisia Study to implement ECO-tax, a legal framework
38、 is in the making An inventory was conducted but a challenge to get information and data E-waste is collected by local collection mechanism. Pilot separation and collection systems have been set up. E-waste recycling facility is operated for all e-waste in the country and the model has state of the-
39、art recycling facility 6.1.2.1 Nigeria Formal-informal sector collaboration on e-waste collection 1,100,000 tonnes/year (2011) 6.1.2.2 Cameroon e-waste management law and practice Introduced and EPR 4 L series Supplement 27 (10/2016) # Countries or Region name Polices and legislation Lead institutio
40、n or ministry in charge of e-waste management Collaboration with other parties Statistics on e-waste / EEE, including period of observation Ratification to the conventions and protocols End-of-life management practices (collection, pre- processing, dismantling, end processing) 6.1.2.3 Ghana Combatin
41、g uncontrolled dumping of e-waste 179,000 tonnes/ year (2011) Combating uncontrolled dumping of e-waste 6.1.3.1 The East African Region under East Africa Communicat-ions Organisa-tions (EACO) Model framework for e-waste management, draft e-waste management strategy The EACO secretariat All countries
42、 administrations Not conclusive Yes Regional sensitisation and awareness through workshops, periodic meeting under the EACO to discuss initiatives on e-waste. 6.1.3.2 Kenya Formal/ informal collaboration on e-waste processing Ministry of Environment, National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA
43、) ICT regulator None Yes Pilot study on collection, recycling centres (the WEEE centre) 6.1.3.3 Tanzania E-waste is under the hazardous waste management Ministry of ICT NEMA, ICT regulator e-waste assessment 6.1.3.4 Uganda e-waste policy, strategy and guidelines Ministry of ICT NEMA, ICT regulator e
44、-waste policy, strategy and guidelines. 6.1.3.5 Rwanda Supporting legal framework for e-waste management (draft policy) Rwanda Environmental Management Agency (REMA), Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) e-waste assessment is conducted and the establishment of a dismantling facility is under
45、way 6.1.4.1 Southern Africa under the Southern Africa Telecommunications Association (SATA), Guidelines for e-waste disposal All countries under SATA Guidelines for e-waste disposal The Southern African E-waste Alliance (SAEWA) was put in place to manage the entire e-waste stream L series Supplement
46、 27 (10/2016) 5 # Countries or Region name Polices and legislation Lead institution or ministry in charge of e-waste management Collaboration with other parties Statistics on e-waste / EEE, including period of observation Ratification to the conventions and protocols End-of-life management practices
47、 (collection, pre- processing, dismantling, end processing) 6.1.4.2 South Africa Law and technical strategy for e-waste management (2010) e-waste recycling in South Africa under the e-waste association of South Africa (eWASA) 6.2.1 India Formal/ informal collaboration on e-waste processing ERP intro
48、duced, Take back system in place for some institutions, plans underway to put in place collection networks 6.2.2 China Policing illegal traffic, ban in place on importation of WEEE 6.2.3 Japan Tracking and tracing system for e-waste 6.3.1 Mexico Voluntary collective initiatives None Project on incre
49、asing the recovery rate from mobile phones, raising awareness 6.3.2 Costa Rica and Brazil Regulation for the integrated management of electronic waste Retailer and service centres take back regulation for the integrated management of electronic waste national collection infrastructure in place 6.3.3 Peru Formal/informal collaboration on e-waste processing 6 L series Supplement 27 (10/2016) # Countries or Region name Polices and legislation Lead institution or ministry in charge of e-waste management Collabora
