1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series L TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 28 (10/2016) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEM
2、ENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT Circular economy in information and communication technology; definition of approaches, concepts and metrics ITU-T L-series Recommendations Supplement 28 ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION
3、AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES Cable structure and characteristics L.100L.124 Cable evaluation L.125L.149 Guidance and installation technique L.150L.199 OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructure including node element (except cables) L.200L.249 General
4、 aspects and network design L.250L.299 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION Optical fibre cable maintenance L.300L.329 Infrastructure maintenance L.330L.349 Operation support and infrastructure management L.350L.379 Disaster management L.380L.399 PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES L.400L.429 MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES
5、L.430L.449 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. L series Supplement 28 (10/2016) i Supplement 28 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations Circular economy in information and communication technology; definition of approaches, concepts and metrics Summary In order to facil
6、itate a shift to a more sustainable economy, a circular economy (CE) has been proposed as one of the main ways forward. In this context, CE combined with information and telecommunication technologies (ICTs) could enable decoupling of economic growth and environmental impact b-Ellen. Due to a seemin
7、gly imprecise understanding of the topic of CE and its main aspect resource efficiency (RE), it will be necessary to summarize and then standardize the manner in which CE and RE are quantified. Supplement 28 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations investigates current approaches, concepts and metrics of C
8、E and RE and their applicability for ICT infrastructure goods. This Supplement: 1) introduces CE and RE, 2) describes CE as used in the ICT industry, 3) describes existing CE and RE metrics and examples of their use. 4) proposes next steps in CE and RE standardization. The scope of this Supplement i
9、ncludes the following aspects: upgradability, repairability, removability, durability, reusability, recyclability, recoverability, refurbishability and remanufactureability. The following additional parameters, indicators and metrics are included: recycled content, use of critical raw materials and
10、proportion of re-used parts. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L Suppl. 28 2016-10-14 5 11.1002/1000/13151 Keywords Circular economy, information and communication technology, ICT, post-consumer material, pre-consumer material, recovery, recycled content, RC, r
11、ecycling, refurbishment, resource efficiency, RE. * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii L series Supplement 28 (10/2016) FOREW
12、ORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying
13、technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups wh
14、ich, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO an
15、d IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure,
16、 e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not s
17、uggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence
18、, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be requ
19、ired to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
20、 by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. L series Supplement 28 (10/2016) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Supplement 1 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 Introduction to circul
21、ar economy concepts . 3 6 Circular economy related legislation and standards . 6 7 Circular economy business models 6 8 Circular economy aspects and parameters affecting the environmental impact in different life cycle stages 6 8.1 Introduction 6 8.2 Raw material acquisition stage . 7 8.3 Use stage
22、. 8 8.4 End-of-life stage . 9 9 Assessment methods and parameters 13 10 Examples of actions taken by the ICT industry 13 11 Reporting 14 12 Insights and conclusions . 14 13 Suggestions for future standardization activities 15 Appendix I Observations regarding CE 16 I.0 Introduction 16 I.1 Recycling
23、and e-waste 16 I.2 Recycled content example for metals . 16 I.3 Design process 17 Appendix II Additional examples of aspects, parameters, indicators and metrics . 18 II.0 Introduction 18 II.1 Resource productivity . 18 II.2 Electronics disposal efficiency . 18 II.3 Material reutilization 18 II.4 Mat
24、erial circularity indicator 18 II.5 RRR benefit rates . 19 II.6 Value-based circularity indicator for recycled content 19 II.7 Reusability 19 II.8 Company sustainability assessment model using CE indicators 19 Appendix III Use of LCA in the context of CE 20 Appendix IV Equation examples 21 iv L seri
25、es Supplement 28 (10/2016) Page IV.1 Cost of refurbishment . 21 IV.2 Cost of remanufacturing . 21 Appendix V Reuse example 22 Bibliography. 23 L series Supplement 28 (10/2016) v Introduction In order to facilitate a shift to a more sustainable economy, circular economy (CE) has been proposed as one
26、of the main ways forward. In this context, CE combined with information and telecommunication technologies (ICTs) could enable decoupling of economic growth and environmental impact b-Ellen. Due to the seemingly scattered understanding of the topic of CE and its main aspect resource efficiency (RE),
27、 it will be necessary to summarize and then standardize the manner in which CE and RE are quantified. In 2015, the European Commission issued Mandate 543 (M/543), Standardization Request with regard to ecodesign requirements on material efficiency aspects for energy-related products b-EU_M/543 reque
28、sting European standardization organisations to develop needed standards. ETSI EE accepted this mandate for ICT infrastructure goods. However, the present document was initiated before Mandate 543 and is not seen as an ETSI TC EE deliverable for Mandate 543. Nevertheless, the present document is exp
29、ected to provide valuable input for the Mandate 543 work. ITU-T SG5 (Q13/5) has made preliminary descriptions of RE for ICT goods b-ITU-T L.Suppl.5, which have been considered in the development of the present document which focuses more broadly on CE aspects for ICT infrastructure goods. Furthermor
30、e, the Methodology for Ecodesign of Energy-related Products (MEErP) report, as used in the framework of the Ecodesign Directive (2009/125/EC) b-Biointelligence, has been used as background information for materials efficiency aspects. This Supplement was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Stu
31、dy Group 5 and published respectively by ITU and ETSI as Supplement ITU-T L.Suppl.28 and ETSI Technical Report ETSI TR 103 476, which are technically equivalent. L series Supplement 28 (10/2016) 1 Supplement 28 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations Circular economy in information and communication techn
32、ology; definition of approaches, concepts and metrics 1 Scope This Supplement aims to provide an overview of the most important existing aspects, parameters, indicators, metrics, results, and business models used for estimating the resource efficiency (RE) and circular economy (CE) characteristics o
33、f ICT infrastructure goods as input for further standardization. This Supplement is intended to provide an aid for all users of CE and RE concepts within the ICT infrastructure sphere. 2 References None. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Supplement uses the following terms defined elsew
34、here: 3.1.1 re-use b-ISO 22628, b-2008/98/EC: Any operation by which component parts of end-of-life products are used for the same purpose for which they were conceived. 3.1.2 recycling b-ISO 22628, b-2008/98/EC: Reprocessing in a production process of the waste materials for the original purpose or
35、 for other purposes, excluding processing as a means of generating energy. 3.1.3 recovery energy b-ISO 22628, b-2008/98/EC: Reprocessing in a production process of the waste materials for the original purpose or for other purposes, together with processing as a means of generating. 3.2 Terms defined
36、 in this Supplement This Supplement defines the following terms: 3.2.1 aspect: Field of CE. NOTE Examples include removability, durability, recyclability, reparability. 3.2.2 assessment method: Procedure for determining the value of a metric or indicator and validating it. The method could include m
37、easurement and calculation. 3.2.3 indicator: Quantifiable representation of a parameter. NOTE Example includes service output per material input. 3.2.4 metric: Measurable representation of a parameter or indicator. NOTE Examples include mass of product, disassembly time and re-used parts. 3.2.5 para
38、meter: Entity representing an aspect. NOTE Examples include Rcyc and Rcov. 3.2.6 recycled content (RC): Proportion, by mass, of recycled material in a product or packaging. 2 L series Supplement 28 (10/2016) NOTE Only pre-consumer and post-consumer materials should be considered as recycled content
39、b-ISO 14021. 3.2.7 pre-consumer material: Material diverted from the waste stream during a manufacturing process. NOTE Excluded is reutilization of materials such as rework, regrind or scrap generated in a process and capable of being reclaimed within the same process that generated it b-ISO 14021.
40、3.2.8 post-consumer material: Material generated by households or by commercial, industrial and institutional facilities in their role as end-users of the product which can no longer be used for its intended purpose. NOTE This includes returns of material from the distribution chain b-ISO 14021. 3.2
41、.9 refurbishment: Processing hardware and/or software of an ICT good, a plug-in unit or system module of a used ICT good for reuse through e.g., testing, cleaning and repair. NOTE Refurbished ICT goods could be re-used by the owner or resold. 3.2.10 remanufacturing: Process in which one or more part
42、(s) are reworked to compose a new part/good. NOTE More commonly used in mechanical engineering where mechanical part/product is reworked to correspond to a new part/product, e.g., car engine. 3.2.11 repair: Restore to working order. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Supplement uses the following abb
43、reviations and acronyms: ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line B2B Business-to-Business B2C Business-to-Customer Btu British thermal unit CAPEX Capital Expenses C2C Cradle to Cradle CE Circular Economy CFC Chlorofluorocarbons CPU Central Processing Unit ECD Environmentally Conscious Design EDE Ele
44、ctronic Disposal Effectiveness EEE Electrical and Electronic Equipment EOL End-of-Life EoLT End-of-Life Treatment ErP Energy related Products EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product GSM Global System for Mobile Communications HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbons L series Supplement 28 (10/2016) 3 IC I
45、ntegrated Circuit ICT Information and Communication Technology IEC International Electrotechnical Commission LCA Life Cycle Assessment LCD Liquid Crystal Display LCI Life Cycle Inventory LTE Long Term Evolution MCI Material Circularity Indicator MR Material Reutilization OPEX Operating Expenses PAS
46、Planning Advisory Service PCBA Printed Circuit Board Assembly RAN Radio Access Network RBUR Reusability Benefit Rate RBVR Recovery Benefit Rate RC Recycled Content RCR Recyclability rate of a Part Rcov Recoverability rate Rcyc Recyclability rate Rreuse Reusability rate RE Resource Efficiency RoHS Re
47、strictions of Hazardous Substances RRR Reusability/Recyclability/Recoverability rate of a Part RP Resource Productivity RUR Reusability rate of a Part RVR Recoverability rate of a Part WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 5 Introduction to circu
48、lar economy concepts Circular economy (CE) is a wide ranging concept which covers the full lifecycle of both goods and business models. In general CE is about closing the loop between different life cycles through design that enables greater recycling and reuse in order to use raw materials, goods a
49、nd waste in a more efficient way and to increase energy performance. Thus CE is associated with strategies to keep goods out of landfill and incineration b-Huysman. CE deals with both environmental and economic aspects. In an ideal CE, all waste generated would be reused as raw material in production processes. It is clear that discarded goods represent a valuable source of raw materials b-Mueller. However, in practice trade-offs have to be made with parameters such as re
