1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series Y TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 31 (01/2016) SERIES Y: GLOBAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE, INTERNET PROTOCOL ASPECTS AND NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS, INTERNET OF THINGS AND SMART CITIES ITU-T
2、 Y.4550-series Smart sustainable cities Intelligent sustainable buildings ITU-T Y-series Recommendations Supplement 31 ITU-T Y-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS GLOBAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE, INTERNET PROTOCOL ASPECTS AND NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS, INTERNET OF THINGS AND SMART CITIES GLOBAL INFORMATION INFR
3、ASTRUCTURE General Y.100Y.199 Services, applications and middleware Y.200Y.299 Network aspects Y.300Y.399 Interfaces and protocols Y.400Y.499 Numbering, addressing and naming Y.500Y.599 Operation, administration and maintenance Y.600Y.699 Security Y.700Y.799 Performances Y.800Y.899 INTERNET PROTOCOL
4、 ASPECTS General Y.1000Y.1099 Services and applications Y.1100Y.1199 Architecture, access, network capabilities and resource management Y.1200Y.1299 Transport Y.1300Y.1399 Interworking Y.1400Y.1499 Quality of service and network performance Y.1500Y.1599 Signalling Y.1600Y.1699 Operation, administrat
5、ion and maintenance Y.1700Y.1799 Charging Y.1800Y.1899 IPTV over NGN Y.1900Y.1999 NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS Frameworks and functional architecture models Y.2000Y.2099 Quality of Service and performance Y.2100Y.2199 Service aspects: Service capabilities and service architecture Y.2200Y.2249 Service as
6、pects: Interoperability of services and networks in NGN Y.2250Y.2299 Enhancements to NGN Y.2300Y.2399 Network management Y.2400Y.2499 Network control architectures and protocols Y.2500Y.2599 Packet-based Networks Y.2600Y.2699 Security Y.2700Y.2799 Generalized mobility Y.2800Y.2899 Carrier grade open
7、 environment Y.2900Y.2999 FUTURE NETWORKS Y.3000Y.3499 CLOUD COMPUTING Y.3500Y.3999 INTERNET OF THINGS AND SMART CITIES AND COMMUNITIES General Y.4000Y.4049 Definitions and terminologies Y.4050Y.4099 Requirements and use cases Y.4100Y.4249 Infrastructure, connectivity and networks Y.4250Y.4399 Frame
8、works, architectures and protocols Y.4400Y.4549 Services, applications, computation and data processing Y.4550Y.4699 Management, control and performance Y.4700Y.4799 Identification and security Y.4800Y.4899 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Y series Supplement 3
9、1 (01/2016) i Supplement 31 to ITU-T Y-series Recommendations ITU-T Y.4550-series Smart sustainable cities Intelligent sustainable buildings Summary The concept of “intelligent buildings“ has been around for a number of years and has relied on the ability of individual systems within the buildings t
10、o communicate, to integrate and to perform in a manner allowing for numerous and complex controls to generate a much-enhanced response to many kinds of stimuli. Thus, the argument of intelligence can reasonably be associated with the ability of these buildings to function in an enhanced manner yield
11、ing many benefits for the occupants, the operators and the owners. Supplement 31 to ITU-T Y.4550-series Recommendations provides a number of examples of “intelligent buildings“, while describing the benefits and efficiencies generated by such integration. History Edition Recommendation Approval Stud
12、y Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T Y Suppl. 31 2016-01-26 20 11.1002/1000/12757 * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/ 11830-en. ii Y series Supp
13、lement 31 (01/2016) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is
14、responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by
15、the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collab
16、orative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandato
17、ry provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use
18、 of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no positio
19、n concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by p
20、atents, which may be required to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publi
21、cation may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Y series Supplement 31 (01/2016) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Intelligent sustainable buildings . 1 1.1 Introduction to “intelligent sustainable buildings“ . 1 1.2 The fourth utility . 2 1.3 Access contro
22、l and security systems 2 1.4 Elevators and escalators . 3 1.5 Lighting 3 1.6 Signage . 3 1.7 Building condition monitoring . 4 1.8 Underlying philosophy . 4 1.9 Standards, codes and initiatives 5 2 Intelligent sustainable building roadmap 6 2.1 Subjective versus objective evaluation . 7 2.2 Building
23、s versus community 7 2.3 Technologies . 8 3 Types of buildings 10 3.1 Single family 10 3.2 Residential multi-unit . 10 3.3 Commercial buildings 10 3.4 Hotel . 11 3.5 Hospital . 11 3.6 Factory 11 3.7 Intelligent buildings and new business opportunities . 12 4 Other aspects . 12 4.1 Operating costs an
24、d occupant comfort . 12 4.2 Tenants satisfaction 12 4.3 Maintenance . 12 4.4 Evaluation How intelligent is an “Intelligent“ building?. 14 4.5 New business opportunities for the building sector and ICT industry . 14 5 Climate change adaptation 15 6 Typical systems in an intelligent building 15 6.1 Ph
25、ysical infrastructure 16 6.2 Data and ICT infrastructure 16 6.3 Building control systems 19 6.4 Integrated building management systems 22 7 Trends in intelligent sustainable buildings . 24 7.1 Vision . 25 7.2 Future considerations 25 iv Y series Supplement 31 (01/2016) Page Appendix I Examples of in
26、telligent buildings 26 I.1 Molson Centre 26 I.2 Windsor Station 27 I.3 Flint Mass Transportation Authority downtown terminus . 27 I.4 Wellesley Central Health Corporation . 28 I.5 World Trade Centre 28 I.6 Microsofts building pilot programme 29 I.7 Infosys building, Pocharam campus in Hyderabad 30 I
27、.8 San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) Building 32 Appendix II Abbreviations and acronyms 34 Bibliography. 35 Y series Supplement 31 (01/2016) v Introduction The implementation of intelligent and sustainable buildings is another key step in the journey to smart sustainable cities. To u
28、nderstand the scale of the issue, buildings are responsible for 40% of global annual energy consumption and up to 30% of all global energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Also on a global basis, the building sector is responsible for one-third of humanitys resources consumption, including 12
29、% of all fresh-water use and produces up to 40% of our solid waste. As buildings become more intelligent and more sustainable, the possibility exists to reduce this impact dramatically. The concept of “intelligent buildings“ has been around for a number of years and relies on the ability of individu
30、al systems within buildings to communicate, to integrate and to perform in a manner allowing for numerous, complex controls to generate a much-enhanced response to many kinds of stimuli. Thus, the concept of intelligence can reasonably be associated with the ability of intelligent buildings to funct
31、ion in an enhanced manner yielding many benefits for the occupants, the operators and the owners and reducing the overall environment impact. Definitions of intelligent buildings have been proposed by different user groups and have also evolved during the last few years. Some view the ultimate benef
32、its of intelligence to be the provision of a more efficient and effective working environment for the occupants while others define such intelligence as providing greater economics for the building operators. However, some others conclude that automated responses, in particular to security and emerg
33、ency situations, are of particular importance. The thesis of intelligent buildings, therefore, is that base building systems can be designed in a manner which permits their intercommunication and which also allows for communication between the building and individual tenant. The benefits are not alw
34、ays the same for each group of interested parties, nor are all the benefits evident when not all buildings include the same features. Intelligent building technologies open the opportunity to facilitate the monitoring of a buildings overall condition. Transducers and sensors are available to measure
35、 most building related parameters and in any given situation there may be particular needs driving their specific use. The significant advantage of intelligent buildings is that they can constantly monitor current operations in context and automatically adjust resources for optimum efficiency while
36、identifying and accurately informing key decisions in a timely manner. It is the optimization of efficiency that will lead to reduced environmental impact and a more sustainable built environment. It is also evident that the standards applicable to the provision of an Internet protocol (IP) infrastr
37、ucture are one possible mechanism by which an intelligent building can be implemented. Depending on the jurisdiction, there may be a need that some of the systems require special considerations in order to comply with all aspects of the building code (e.g., fire safety code or electrical code). Obje
38、ctives of intelligent buildings have been described in general terms but nevertheless there are often strenuous professional arguments as to what should be the primary objectives of an intelligent building. Is it more important that the building be more efficient, i.e., that the operating costs are
39、reduced or, is the effectiveness of individual occupants in the building the more important objective. Depending on the particular structure, its purpose, the technologies which are prevalent in the building and other factors, there will often be different objectives. With ever rising energy and lab
40、our costs it is obvious that if those costs can be kept in check, or preferably reduced, opportunities for financial savings will provide an immediate return on any extra investment in building an intelligent building. A building which is operated continuously, e.g., a hospital, or which is operated
41、 by individuals who pay fees such as condominiums are less likely to see immediate benefits from the functions available in intelligent buildings. vi Y series Supplement 31 (01/2016) Many modern buildings today have heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, security and communicati
42、on systems that use information and communication technology (ICT) networks for management and control. This can provide the foundation to develop intelligent buildings. It is therefore possible to implement policies that enhance building efficiency and effectiveness consistent with changing busines
43、s requirements and user needs. In addition, climate change related severe weather events are increasing in frequency and severity. These severe weather events include urban floods, extended heat waves, ice storms, extended cold spells and high winds/tornadoes/hurricanes. These weather events have bo
44、th a long term and short impact on the building infrastructure in cities. During short-term events, building infrastructure may be impacted by major structural damage, damage to a buildings support and utility systems, closure and loss of revenue among other items. Over the long term, severe weather
45、 and more extreme temperatures lead to accelerated degradation of a buildings envelope, utility systems and infrastructure. Steps need to be taken to maintain the buildings exterior and envelope to prevent damage to the building and its equipment. At the same time, the design and intelligent infrast
46、ructure of the intelligent building can assist in minimizing the effects of extreme events. Y series Supplement 31 (01/2016) 1 Supplement 31 to ITU-T Y-series Recommendations ITU-T Y.4550-series Smart sustainable cities Intelligent sustainable buildings 1 Intelligent sustainable buildings 1.1 Introd
47、uction to “intelligent sustainable buildings“ Cities cannot become smart and sustainable unless the issues of the built environment and in particular of buildings are addressed. On a global basis, buildings are responsible for 40% of global annual energy consumption and up to 30% of all global energ
48、y-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Also on a global basis, the building sector is responsible for one-third of humanitys resource consumption, including 12% of all freshwater use and produces up to 40% of our solid waste b-UNEP. In order to address the issue of climate change through the redu
49、ction of GHG emissions the impact of buildings must be reduced. It is therefore important for buildings to become more intelligent and more sustainable in order to dramatically reduce this environmental impact. The concept of a “smart“ or “intelligent“ building may seem to be an oxymoron. Intelligence is normally indicative of a human (or animal) attribute in which individuals are capable of making interpretations, deductions or inductions, related to observations and to stimuli.
