1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series Y TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 36 (10/2015) SERIES Y: GLOBAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE, INTERNET PROTOCOL ASPECTS AND NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS, INTERNET OF THINGS AND SMART CITIES ITU-T
2、 Y.4550-Y.4699 Smart water management in cities ITU-T Y-series Recommendations Supplement 36 ITU-T Y-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS GLOBAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE, INTERNET PROTOCOL ASPECTS AND NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS, INTERNET OF THINGS AND SMART CITIES GLOBAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE General Y.100Y.
3、199 Services, applications and middleware Y.200Y.299 Network aspects Y.300Y.399 Interfaces and protocols Y.400Y.499 Numbering, addressing and naming Y.500Y.599 Operation, administration and maintenance Y.600Y.699 Security Y.700Y.799 Performances Y.800Y.899 INTERNET PROTOCOL ASPECTS General Y.1000Y.1
4、099 Services and applications Y.1100Y.1199 Architecture, access, network capabilities and resource management Y.1200Y.1299 Transport Y.1300Y.1399 Interworking Y.1400Y.1499 Quality of service and network performance Y.1500Y.1599 Signalling Y.1600Y.1699 Operation, administration and maintenance Y.1700
5、Y.1799 Charging Y.1800Y.1899 IPTV over NGN Y.1900Y.1999 NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS Frameworks and functional architecture models Y.2000Y.2099 Quality of Service and performance Y.2100Y.2199 Service aspects: Service capabilities and service architecture Y.2200Y.2249 Service aspects: Interoperability of
6、 services and networks in NGN Y.2250Y.2299 Enhancements to NGN Y.2300Y.2399 Network management Y.2400Y.2499 Network control architectures and protocols Y.2500Y.2599 Packet-based Networks Y.2600Y.2699 Security Y.2700Y.2799 Generalized mobility Y.2800Y.2899 Carrier grade open environment Y.2900Y.2999
7、FUTURE NETWORKS Y.3000Y.3499 CLOUD COMPUTING Y.3500Y.3999 INTERNET OF THINGS AND SMART CITIES AND COMMUNITIES General Y.4000Y.4049 Definitions and terminologies Y.4050Y.4099 Requirements and use cases Y.4100Y.4249 Infrastructure, connectivity and networks Y.4250Y.4399 Frameworks, architectures and p
8、rotocols Y.4400Y.4549 Services, applications, computation and data processing Y.4550Y.4699 Management, control and performance Y.4700Y.4799 Identification and security Y.4800Y.4899 Evaluation and assessment Y.4900Y.4999 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Y series
9、 Supplement 36 (10/2015) i Supplement 36 to ITU-T Y-series Recommendations ITU-T Y.4550-Y.4699 Smart water management in cities Summary Supplement 36 to the ITU-T Y-series Recommendations provides municipalities, decision-makers and interested stakeholders with an overview of the main technical aspe
10、cts that need to be considered to effectively design and implement smart water management in cities. This Supplement approaches smart water management systems from an overarching perspective. Therefore, it is expected that the smart water technologies described, as well as their integration into urb
11、an water management systems, can be relevant in informing the design of new systems (e.g., in the case of rapid urban growth and infrastructure extension in developing countries), as well as in updating existing systems (e.g., linked to declining per capita demand for water and ageing infrastructure
12、 in developed countries). History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L Suppl. 16 2015-10-23 5 11.1002/1000/12692 1.0 ITU-T Y Suppl. 36 2015-10-23 20 11.1002/1000/12962 * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web br
13、owser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Y series Supplement 36 (10/2015) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communi
14、cation technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The
15、World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
16、 In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recog
17、nized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “sha
18、ll“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practi
19、ce or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development pr
20、ocess. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly ur
21、ged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Y series Supplement 36 (10/2015) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Introduction . 1 2
22、Scope . 3 3 Urban water issues 3 3.1 Rapid urbanization 4 3.2 Leadership and governance 5 3.3 Investment 6 3.4 Water utilities and infrastructure 6 3.5 Water availability and quality 7 3.6 Climate change . 8 4 Smart water management in cities 10 4.1 SWM technologies . 12 5 SWM integration: Strengthe
23、ning urban water management 20 5.1 Intelligent solutions in urban water management . 20 5.2 Remote monitoring solutions for urban wastewater management . 23 5.3 Technologies for urban flood management 24 6 Action steps: SWM implementation . 26 7 SWM opportunities . 27 8 Gaps to be addressed 29 9 Con
24、clusions. 31 Bibliography. 33 Y series Supplement 36 (10/2015) 1 Supplement 36 to ITU-T Y-series Recommendations ITU-T Y.4550-Y.4699 Smart water management in cities 1 Introduction The water cycle (water resource, production, distribution, consumption, collection and treatment of waste water) plays
25、an integral part in the urban system, influencing each pillar of urban society and its functionality, sustaining populations, generating energy, supporting tourism and recreational activities, ensuring environmental and human health and fuelling local economic development. Such increasing convergenc
26、e fosters urban growth, as more than half of the worlds population currently reside in urban areas b-UNDESA14. It is estimated that urban populations will increase from 3.6 billion in 2011, to 6.3 billion in 2050b-UNDESA12. Urban areas will also have the task of absorbing rural populations, as rural
27、 populations continue to decline. As illustrated in Figure 1, the availability and distribution of water resources is intrinsically linked to the citys operations in areas as diverse as housing, health, economic development, tourism, recreation, transport, waste management and energy. Source: b-Howe
28、 Figure 1 Interconnectedness of water and cities The increasing concentration of people, economic activities and assets in urban areas usually generates high levels of waste and greenhouse gas pollution, heightening the citys susceptibility to the risks posed by disasters/hazards, as well as to the
29、impacts of climate change. Thus, unbridled growth in urban areas poses socio-economic and environmental challenges to residents, businesses, industries, municipalities and governments alike. As per the focus of this Supplement, growth in 2 Y series Supplement 36 (10/2015) urban areas also poses sign
30、ificant challenges to urban planners in terms of effective and sustainable water management. These challenges include the stress placed on water resources by fast-paced urbanization rates, which translates into a growing demand for clean water supplies and adequate sanitation, required to ensure hum
31、an dignity. Rapid urban growth has also increased the competition for scarce water resources between sectors such as industry and agriculture. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report Water Security for Better Lives, suggests that achieving water security objectives m
32、eans maintaining acceptable levels for four water risks: risk of shortage (including droughts), risk of inadequate quality, risk of excess (including floods) and risk of undermining the resilience of freshwater systems (e.g., by exceeding the coping capacity of the surface and groundwater bodies). T
33、his approach evidences an increasing awareness of the importance of tackling water-related challenges from an integrated, holistic perspective, considering both acceptable levels of risks, as well as their potential consequences (economic, environmental, social) on urban stakeholders. The urban wate
34、r service must, therefore, ensure proper management of water supply and distribution, water and wastewater treatment, and other municipal related services. Through franchising or licensing model franchises, the urban water industry is able to provide water and wastewater services for cities. Urban w
35、ater utilities are constantly extending the water service chain, including (but not limited to) the following areas: Raw water service: Diversion of raw water is necessary to facilitate treatment and distribution to a citys population. In some cities, retail water price includes water diversion proj
36、ect costs. Water supply services: Provision of safe treated water to various sectors within the urban environment, including the residential, commercial and industrial sectors. Drainage services: Provision of urban drainage through pipe networks is important to safeguard public health and prevent fl
37、ooding. Some cities have separated their drainage network operation as a type of commercial service by an open bid for franchise of drainage services. Wastewater treatment services: Provision of wastewater treatment for commercial/marketed services is necessary to ensure environmental protection. Re
38、claimed water service: Usually offered by the vast majority of sewage treatment companies as a value-added business to industrial customers/users such as power plants. Other water supply services: The sea-water desalination market is in transition from an engineering, procurement, and construction (
39、EPC) equipment provision to an integral investment and operational service. With such a heavy reliance on water resources, see Figure 1, any reductions on quantity or quality will have an adverse effect on the urban system. With cities are increasing their centralized production and consumption and
40、with rapidly changing land use patterns, the sustainable management of water resources constitutes a complex issue. Balancing economic development and water resource sustainability becomes even more problematic considering the current and expected impacts of climate change (e.g., sea level rise, wat
41、er scarcity), added to the vulnerability associated with aging infrastructure. Within this context, smart water systems can be characterized as systems with “a high degree of automation, rapid response times or the capability to capture information in real-time, the ability to transmit data between
42、remote locations and the data processing facility and for the data to be interpreted and presented to utilities and end users“ b-OECD2013. While these systems combine both technical and non-technical innovations, information and communication technologies (ICTs) are increasingly providing novel oper
43、ational possibilities to urban water managers. Y series Supplement 36 (10/2015) 3 Smart water management (SWM) approaches seek to promote a sustainable, well-coordinated development and management of water resources through the integration of ICT products, tools and solutions; thus providing the bas
44、is for a sustainable approach to water management and consumption. The low cost of some ICT products, as well as their fast turnover rates when applied to urban environments, is fostering new and innovative approaches to ensure safe and adequate water provision for city dwellers. These technologies
45、can be adapted to continuously monitor and diagnose problems, prioritize and manage maintenance issues and use data to optimize all aspects of the urban water management network. Harnessing the potential of ICTs in cities through the use of SWM can contribute in overcoming water related socio-econom
46、ic, cultural and environmental challenges, as well as in equipping cities with technology to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Building on this basis, this Supplement explores the key issues involved in SWM within urban settings, including the key water management problems and opportunities fa
47、ced by cities. By highlighting the role and potential of ICTs, this Supplement seeks to position SWM as a crucial area of action to achieve the goals set out by smart sustainable cities and to respond to ongoing and emerging urban challenges. 2 Scope This Supplement provides municipalities, decision
48、-makers and interested stakeholders with an overview of the main technical aspects that need to be considered to effectively design and implement smart water management in cities. This Supplement approaches smart water management systems from an overarching perspective. Therefore, it is expected tha
49、t the smart water technologies described, as well as their integration into urban water management systems, can be relevant in informing the design of new systems (e.g., in the case of rapid urban growth and infrastructure extension in developing countries), as well as in updating existing systems (e.g., linked to declining per capita demand for water and ageing infrastructure in developed countries). While currently most water services (including drainage) rely on piped infrastructures,
