1、 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION ITU-T T.800TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (08/2002) SERIES T: TERMINALS FOR TELEMATIC SERVICES Information technology JPEG 2000 image coding system: Core coding system ITU-T Recommendation T.800 ITU-T Rec. T.800 (08/2002 E) i INTERNATIONAL STAN
2、DARD ISO/IEC 15444-1 ITU-T RECOMMENDATION T.800 Information technology JPEG 2000 image coding system: Core coding system Summary This Recommendation | International Standard defines a set of lossless (bit-preserving) and lossy compression methods for coding bi-level, continuous-tone grey-scale, pall
3、etized color, or continuous-tone colour digital still images. This Recommendation | International Standard: specifies decoding processes for converting compressed image data to reconstructed image data; specifies a codestream syntax containing information for interpreting the compressed image data;
4、specifies a file format; provides guidance on encoding processes for converting source image data to compressed image data; provides guidance on how to implement these processes in practice. Source ITU-T Recommendation T.800 was prepared by ITU-T Study Group 16 (2001-2004) and approved on 29 August
5、2002. An identical text is also published as ISO/IEC 15444-1. ii ITU-T Rec. T.800 (08/2002 E) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent
6、organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes t
7、he topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards a
8、re prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that
9、the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendatio
10、n development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementors are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are the
11、refore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database. ITU 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. ITU-T Rec. T.800 (08/2002 E) iii CONTENTS Page 1 Scope 1 2 References 1 2.1 Identical Recommend
12、ations | International Standards 1 2.2 Additional references 1 3 Definitions 2 4 Abbreviations and symbols 6 4.1 Abbreviations 6 4.2 Symbols. 7 5 General description. 8 5.1 Purpose 8 5.2 Codestream 8 5.3 Coding principles 8 6 Encoder requirements. 10 7 Decoder requirements. 10 7.1 Codestream syntax
13、requirements. 10 7.2 Optional file format requirements . 11 8 Implementation requirements. 11 Annex A Codestream syntax 12 A.1 Markers, marker segments, and headers . 12 A.2 Information in the marker segments 14 A.3 Construction of the codestream. 15 A.4 Delimiting markers and marker segments. 19 A.
14、5 Fixed information marker segment . 20 A.6 Functional marker segments 22 A.7 Pointer marker segments . 32 A.8 In-bit-stream marker and marker segments. 38 A.9 Informational marker segments. 39 A.10 Codestream restrictions conforming to this Recommendation | International Standard . 40 Annex B Image
15、 and compressed image data ordering 42 B.1 Introduction to image data structure concepts. 42 B.2 Component mapping to the reference grid 42 B.3 Image area division into tiles and tile-components . 44 B.4 Example of the mapping of components to the reference grid (informative) 45 B.5 Transformed tile
16、-component division into resolution levels and sub-bands . 48 B.6 Division of resolution levels into precincts. 49 B.7 Division of the sub-bands into code-blocks 50 B.8 Layers 51 B.9 Packets 52 B.10 Packet header information coding. 54 B.11 Tile and tile-parts 59 B.12 Progression order 59 Annex C Ar
17、ithmetic entropy coding. 64 C.1 Binary encoding (informative) 64 C.2 Description of the arithmetic encoder (informative) . 65 C.3 Arithmetic decoding procedure. 76 iv ITU-T Rec. T.800 (08/2002 E) Page Annex D Coefficient bit modeling 84 D.1 Code-block scan pattern within code-blocks. 84 D.2 Coeffici
18、ent bits and significance . 84 D.3 Decoding passes over the bit-planes . 85 D.4 Initializing and terminating . 89 D.5 Error resilience segmentation symbol . 90 D.6 Selective arithmetic coding bypass . 90 D.7 Vertically causal context formation 92 D.8 Flow diagram of the code-block coding 92 Annex E
19、Quantization. 95 E.1 Inverse quantization procedure . 95 E.2 Scalar coefficient quantization (informative) 97 Annex F Discrete wavelet transformation of tile-components . 98 F.1 Tile-component parameters. 98 F.2 Discrete wavelet transformations 98 F.3 Inverse discrete wavelet transformation 98 F.4 F
20、orward transformation (informative). 110 Annex G DC level shifting and multiple component transformations 120 G.1 DC level shifting of tile-components 120 G.2 Reversible multiple component transformation (RCT). 121 G.3 Irreversible multiple component transformation (ICT). 121 G.4 Chrominance compone
21、nt sub-sampling and the reference grid 122 Annex H Coding of images with regions of interest. 123 H.1 Decoding of ROI. 123 H.2 Description of the Maxshift method 123 H.3 Remarks on region of interest coding (informative) . 124 Annex I JP2 file format syntax . 127 I.1 File format scope. 127 I.2 Intro
22、duction to the JP2 file format 127 I.3 Greyscale/Colour/Palettized/multi-component specification architecture 129 I.4 Box definition . 131 I.5 Defined boxes . 133 I.6 Adding intellectual property rights information in JP2. 148 I.7 Adding vendor-specific information to the JP2 file format. 148 I.8 De
23、aling with unknown boxes 150 Annex J Examples and guidelines 151 J.1 Software conventions adaptive entropy decoder. 151 J.2 Selection of quantization step sizes for irreversible transformations 153 J.3 Filter impulse responses corresponding to lifting-based irreversible filtering procedures 153 J.4
24、Example of discrete wavelet transformation . 154 J.5 Row-based wavelet transform. 158 J.6 Scan-based coding. 167 J.7 Error resilience 167 J.8 Compatibility requirement with JFIF/SPIFF files. 168 J.9 Implementing the Restricted ICC method outside of a full ICC colour management engine . 168 J.10 An e
25、xample of the interpretation of multiple components 173 J.11 An example of decoding showing intermediate steps . 173 J.12 Visual frequency weighting 177 J.13 Encoder sub-sampling of components 179 J.14 Rate control. 180 J.15 Guidelines on handling YCC codestream . 184 ITU-T Rec. T.800 (08/2002 E) v
26、Page Annex K Bibliography 186 K.1 General 186 K.2 Quantization and entropy coding 186 K.3 Wavelet transformation. 186 K.4 Region of interest coding 187 K.5 Visual frequency weighting 187 K.6 Error resilience 187 K.7 Scan-based coding. 188 K.8 Colour . 188 Annex L Patent statement. 189 Index 190 vi I
27、TU-T Rec. T.800 (08/2002 E) LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 5-1 Specification block diagram 9 Figure A.1 Example of the marker segment description figures. 13 Figure A.2 Construction of the codestream 16 Figure A.3 Construction of the main header. 17 Figure A.4 Construction of the first tile-part header
28、 of a given tile 18 Figure A.5 Construction of a non-first tile-part header. 18 Figure A.6 Start of tile-part syntax . 19 Figure A.7 Image and tile size syntax. 21 Figure A.8 Coding style default syntax 23 Figure A.9 Coding style parameter diagram of the SGcod and SPcod parameters. 24 Figure A.10 Co
29、ding style component syntax 26 Figure A.11 Coding style parameter diagram of the SPcoc parameters . 27 Figure A.12 Region-of-interest syntax . 27 Figure A.13 Quantization default syntax 28 Figure A.14 Quantization component syntax . 30 Figure A.15 Progression order change tile syntax 31 Figure A.16
30、Tile-part lengths 32 Figure A.17 Tile part length syntax 33 Figure A.18 Packets length, main header syntax 34 Figure A.19 Packet length, tile-part header syntax. 35 Figure A.20 Packed packet headers, main header syntax . 36 Figure A.21 Packed packed headers, tile-part header syntax 37 Figure A.22 St
31、art of packet syntax . 38 Figure A.23 Component registration syntax. 39 Figure A.24 Comment syntax. 40 Figure B.1 Reference grid diagram. 43 Figure B.2 Component sample locations on the reference grid for different XRsiz and YRsiz values 43 Figure B.3 Example of upper left component sample locations
32、 . 44 Figure B.4 Tiling of the reference grid diagram . 44 Figure B.5 Reference grid example 46 Figure B.6 Example tile sizes and locations for component 0 47 Figure B.7 Example tile sizes and locations for component 1 48 Figure B.8 Precincts of one reduced resolution 49 ITU-T Rec. T.800 (08/2002 E)
33、 vii Page Figure B.9 Code-blocks and precincts in sub-band b from four different tiles. 51 Figure B.10 Diagram of precincts of one resolution level of one component 52 Figure B.11 Diagram of code-blocks within precincts at one resolution level . 53 Figure B.12 Example of a tag tree representation. 5
34、4 Figure B.13 Example of the information known to the encoder. 57 Figure B.14 Example of progression order volume in two dimensions 62 Figure B.15 Example of the placement of POC marker segments 63 Figure C.1 Arithmetic encoder inputs and outputs . 64 Figure C.2 Encoder for the MQ-coder 66 Figure C.
35、3 ENCODE procedure . 67 Figure C.4 CODE1 procedure 67 Figure C.5 CODE0 procedure 68 Figure C.6 CODELPS procedure with conditional MPS/LPS exchange 69 Figure C.7 CODEMPS procedure with conditional MPS/LPS exchange. 71 Figure C.8 Encoder renormalization procedure 72 Figure C.9 BYTEOUT procedure for en
36、coder 73 Figure C.10 Initialization of the encoder 74 Figure C.11 FLUSH procedure. 75 Figure C.12 Setting the final bits in the C register 76 Figure C.13 Arithmetic decoder inputs and outputs . 76 Figure C.14 Decoder for the MQ-coder 77 Figure C.15 Decoding an MPS or an LPS 78 Figure C.16 Decoder MP
37、S path conditional exchange procedure 79 Figure C.17 Decoder LPS path conditional exchange procedure . 80 Figure C.18 Decoder renormalization procedure 81 Figure C.19 BYTEIN procedure for decoder 82 Figure C.20 Initialization of the decoder 83 Figure D.1 Example scan pattern of a code-block bit-plan
38、e. 84 Figure D.2 Neighbors states used to form the context 85 Figure D.3 Flow chart for all coding passes on a code-block bit-plane 93 Figure F.1 Inputs and outputs of the IDWT procedure. 98 Figure F.2 The IDWT (NL= 2). 99 Figure F.3 The IDWT procedure 100 Figure F.4 Inputs and outputs of the 2D_SR
39、procedure 100 Figure F.5 One level of reconstruction from four sub-bands (2D_SR procedure) into sub-bands . 100 Figure F.6 The 2D_SR procedure. 101 Figure F.7 Parameters of 2D_INTERLEAVE procedure . 101 Figure F.8 The 2D_INTERLEAVE procedure. 102 viii ITU-T Rec. T.800 (08/2002 E) Page Figure F.9 Inp
40、uts and outputs of the HOR_SR procedure 103 Figure F.10 The HOR_SR procedure . 104 Figure F.11 Inputs and outputs of the VER_SR procedure 105 Figure F.12 The VER_SR procedure 105 Figure F.13 Parameters of the 1D_SR procedure . 106 Figure F.14 The 1D_SR procedure. 106 Figure F.15 Periodic symmetric e
41、xtension of signal. 106 Figure F.16 Parameters of the ID_FILTR procedure 107 Figure F.17 Inputs and outputs of the FDWT procedure 110 Figure F.18 The FDWT (NL= 2) 110 Figure F.19 The FDWT procedure . 111 Figure F.20 Inputs and outputs of the 2D_SD procedure . 111 Figure F.21 One-level decomposition
42、into four sub-bands (2D_SD procedure) 112 Figure F.22 The 2D_SD procedure. 112 Figure F.23 Inputs and outputs of the VER_SD procedure 112 Figure F.24 The VER_SD procedure 113 Figure F.25 Inputs and outputs of the HOR_SD procedure 114 Figure F.26 The HOR_SD procedure . 114 Figure F.27 Parameters of 2
43、D_DEINTERLEAVE procedure 115 Figure F.28 The 2D_DEINTERLEAVE procedure 116 Figure F.29 Parameters of the 1D_SD procedure. 117 Figure F.30 The 1D_SD procedure. 117 Figure F.31 Parameters of the 1D_FILTD procedure. 118 Figure G.1 Placement of the DC level shifting with component transformation 120 Fig
44、ure G.2 Placement of the DC level shifting without component transformation. 120 Figure H.1 The inverse wavelet transformation with the 5-3 reversible filter 125 Figure H.2 The inverse wavelet transformation with the 9-7 irreversible filter 125 Figure I.1 Conceptual structure of a JP2 file 128 Figur
45、e I.2 Example of the box description figures 131 Figure I.3 Example of the superbox description figures. 131 Figure I.4 Organization of a box. 131 Figure I.5 Illustration of box lengths 132 Figure I.6 Organization of the contents of a File Type box 134 Figure I.7 Organization of the contents of a JP
46、2 Header box . 135 Figure I.8 Organization of the contents of an Image Header box. 136 Figure I.9 Organization of the contents of a Bits Per Component box . 137 Figure I.10 Organization of the contents of a Colour Specification box 138 Figure I.11 Organization of the contents of the Palette box . 14
47、0 ITU-T Rec. T.800 (08/2002 E) ix Page Figure I.12 Organization of the contents of a Component Mapping box 141 Figure I.13 Organization of the contents of a Channel Definition box. 142 Figure I.14 Organization of the contents of the Resolution box . 145 Figure I.15 Organization of the contents of th
48、e Capture Resolution box 145 Figure I.16 Organization of the contents of the Default Display Resolution box. 146 Figure I.17 Organization of the contents of the Contiguous Codestream box 147 Figure I.18 Organization of the contents of the XML box . 148 Figure I.19 Organization of the contents of the UUID box 148 Figure I.20 Organization of the contents of a UUID Info box 149 Figure I.21 Organization of the contents of a UUID List box 149 Figure I.22 Organization of the contents of a Data Entry URL box . 150 Figure J.1 Initialization of the software-conventions
