1、CCITT RECMNaX.700 72 W 4862593 0580354 845 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION CCITT THE INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKS X.700 (09/92) MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI) FOR CCITT APPLICATIONS Recommendation X.700 FO
2、REWORD The CCITT (the International Telegraph and Teluphone Consultative Committee) is a permanent organ of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). CCITT is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing te
3、lecommunications on a worldwide basis. The Plenary Assembly of CCIT which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study and approves Recommendations prepared by its Study Groups. The approval of Recommendations by the members of CCITT between Plenary Assemblies is covered by the procedure
4、 laid down in CCITT Resolution No. 2 (Melbourne, 1988). Recommendation X.700 was prepared by Study Group VI1 and was approved under the Resolution No. 2 procedure on the 10th of September 1992. CCIT NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration” is used for conciseness to indicate both
5、 a telecommunication administration and a recognized private operating agency. O ITLJ 1993 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from th
6、e ITU. CCITT RECMN*X.700 92 111 48b2591 058015b b1 CONTENTS Page 1 Scope . 2 References . 3 Definitions . 4 Symbols and abbreviations 5 Concepts in OS1 management 6 Model of OS1 management 7 OS1 management specifics . Annex A - Comments relating to the OS1 management framework 1 1 1 2 2 5 7 9 Recomm
7、andation X.700 (09192) i INTRODUCTION The basic reference model of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), Recommendation X.200 i, provides a description of the activities necessary for systems to interwork using communication media. This Recommendation provides a description of the framework and struct
8、ure of OS1 management in a way that supplements and clarifies the description of management contained in Recommendation X.200 i. The purpose of this Recommendation is to provide a common basis for the coordinated development of management standards. It is also the purpose of this Recommendation to i
9、dentify areas for developing or improving standards, and to provide a common reference for maintaining consistency of all related standards. It is not the intent of this Recommendation either to serve as an implementation specification, or to be a basis for appraising the conformance of actual imple
10、mentations, or to provide a sufficient level of detail to define precisely the services and protocols of the management architecture. Rather, this Recommendation provides a conceptual and functional framework which allows independent teams of experts to work productively on the development of manage
11、ment standards. This Recommendation provides an extension to Recommendation X.200 l and therefore assumes as a basis the concepts and terminology included therein. The objective of this document is to describe a framework for those management activities pertinent to OSI, and to identify the manageme
12、nt services which are supported by OS1 management protocols. The description of the management framework given in this Recommendation is developed in stages: - - - - - - - Clause 1 defines the scope of this Recommendation. Clause 2 lists related OS1 standards. Clause 3 defines terms used in this Rec
13、ommendation. Clause 4 defines abbreviations used in this Recommendation. Clause 5 provides the description of general concepts relating to management. Clause 6 defines a model for OS1 management. Clause 7 introduces the areas of OS1 management standardization, specifies how each of the component par
14、ts of OS1 management operate and defines the form of management information exchanges. Management is manifest in a number of ways. Management is related to activities which control or monitor the use of resources. Within open systems the resources can be those which provide data storage or processin
15、g capabilities, or they can be those which provide interconnection capabilities. It is only the latter and the communications concerning their management which fall within the scope of OS1 management standardization. Human beings are ultimately responsible for managing the OS1 environment, although
16、responsibilities may be delegated to automated processes. I CCITT RECMN*X=700 92 48b259L 0580358 490 = Recommendation X.700 MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (oso FOR CCITT APPLICATIONS) (1992) 1 Scope standards for OS1 management, and is provided for reference by those Recommend
17、ations. This Recommendation establishes a framework for coordinating the development of existing and future This Recommendation - - defines terminology of and describes concepts for OS1 management; provides a structure for OS1 management together with an overview of the objectives of, and facilities
18、 provided by, OS1 management; and - describes OS1 management activities. This Recommendation does not specify services or protocols for OS1 management. It is neither an implementation specification for systems, nor a basis for appraising the conformance of implementations. 2 References 113 CCITT Rec
19、ommendation X.200 (1988), Reference model for Open Systems Interconnection for CCIIT applications. CCIT Recommendation X.800 (1991), Security architecture for Open Systems Interconnection for CCZT applications. 121 3 Definitions 3.1 This Recommendation makes use of the OS1 terminology defined in Rec
20、ommendation X.200 i specifically: a) (N)-entity; b) (N)-layer; c) (N)-protocol; d) (N)-protocol-data-unit; e) open system; f) systems management. Terms defined in Recommendation X.200 i which are redefined for the purposes of this Recommendation: 3.2 3.2.1 systems management appication-entity An app
21、lication-entity for the purpose of systems management communication. Recommendation X.700 and ISOIIEC 7498-4: Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Management framework were developed in close collaboration and are technically identical. Recommendation X.700 (09/92) 1 CCITT RECMN*X
22、=700 92 = 4862591 0580159 327 3.3 Additional definitions 3.3.1 OS1 management The facilities to control, coordinate and monitor the resources which allow communications to take place in the OS1 environment; 3.3.2 (N)-layer operation The monitoring and control of a single instance of communication; 3
23、.3.3 managed object The OS1 management view of a resource that may be managed through the use of OS1 management protocol(s); 3.3.4 management information base The conceptual repository of management information within an open system. 4 Abbreviations MIB Management information base os1 Open systems i
24、nterconnection OSIE OS1 environment PDU Protocol-data-unit QOS Quality of service SMAE Systems management application-entity 5 Concepts in OS1 management 5.1 Users requirements of OS1 management Recognizing the need for interconnection services which will carry information in a reliable and economic
25、 manner, OS1 management supports the users needs for a) activities which enable managers to plan, organize, supervise, control and account for the use of interconnection services; b) the ability to respond to changing requirements; c) facilities to ensure predictable communications behaviour; and d)
26、 facilities which provide for information protection and for the authentication of sources of, and destinations for, transmitted data. The management tools which provide this support may vary in complexity depending upon the users requirements. Such tools may operate locally or cooperate across a nu
27、mber of open systems. OS1 management does not constrain the user interface. 5.2 The OS1 management environment The OS1 management environment is that subset of the total OS1 environment (OSIE), which is concerned with the tools and services needed to monitor, control and coordinate interconnection a
28、ctivities. The OS1 management environment includes both the capability for managers to gather information and to exercise control, and the capability to maintain an awareness of, and report on, the status of resources in the OSIE. 2 Recommendation X.700 (09/92) CCITT RECMN*X.300 92 4862591, 0580Lb0
29、O49 The individual open systems within the OSIE may bave aspects of management responsibility delegated to them. The responsibility may be manifest in terms of a) autonomous management of the open system; and b) cooperation with other open systems, through the exchange of information, to perform coo
30、rdinated management activities. This management responsibility is directed at individual resources, each of which may operate with a degree of independence from other resources. This management responsibility may be further extended to coordinate and control sets of resources to increase functionali
31、ty and performance. 5.3 Managed objects, their attributes and operations A managed object is the OS1 management view of a resource that is subject to management, such as a layer entity, a connection or an item of physical communications equipment. Thus, a managed object is the abstracted view of suc
32、h a resource that represents its properties as seen by (and for the purposes of) management. A managed object is defined in terms of attributes it possesses, operations that may be performed upon it, notifications that it may issue and its relationships with other managed objects. This is distinct f
33、rom, but related to, any definitions or specification of the resource represented by the managed object as an element of the OSIE. The set of managed objects within a system, together with their attributes, constitutes that systems management information base (MIB). 5.4 Management relationships betw
34、een open systems The users requirements for OS1 management may be met either by local operations or by the communication of information between open systems, or by both. OS1 management is achieved between open systems through cooperation between one or more components of the management activity taki
35、ng a managing role and others taking a managed role. The role played by a particular system may be static or may change over time, and may depend upon the particular management communication. OS1 management information flow between open systems is defined in terms of operations and notifications. 5.
36、5 OSI management functional areas 5.5.1 Introduction OS1 management is required for a number of purposes. These requirements are categorized into a number of functional areas: a) fault management (see 3 5.5.2); b) accounting management (see 8 5.5.3); c) configuration management (see 8 5.5.4); d) per
37、formance management (see 3 5.5.5); and e) security management (see 3 5.5.6). Specific management functions, within these functional areas, are provided by OS1 management mechanisms. Many of the mechanisms are general in the sense that they are used to fulfil requirements in more than one functional
38、area. Similarly, managed objects are general in the sense that they may be common to more than one functional area. Each of these functional areas is described briefly below. The lists of functions are not necessarily exhaustive. Recommendation X.700 (09/92) 3 CCITT RECMN*X.700 92 4Ab253L 05801bl T8
39、5 m 5.5.2 Fault management Fault management encompasses fault detection, isolation and the correction of abnormal operation of the OS1 environment. Faults cause open systems to fail to meet their operational objectives and they may be persistent or transient. Faults manifest themselves as particular
40、 events (e.g. errors) in the operation of an open system. Error detection provides a capability to recognize faults. Fault management includes functions to a) b) c) Wace and identify faults; d) e) correct faults. maintain and examine error logs; accept and act upon error detection notifications; car
41、ry out sequences of diagnostic tests; and 5.5.3 Accounting management Accounting management enables charges to be established for the use of resources in the OSIE, and for costs a) b) c) to be identified for the use of those resources. Accounting management includes functions to inform users of cost
42、s incurred or resources consumed; enable accounting limits to be set and tariff schedules to be associated with the use of resources; and enable costs to be combined where multiple resources are invoked to achieve a given communication objective. 5.5.4 Configuration management Configuration manageme
43、nt identifies, exercises control over, collects data from and provides data to open systems for the purpose of preparing for, initializing, starting, providing for the continuous operation of, and terminating interconnection services. Configuration management includes functions to set the parameters
44、 that control the routine operation of the open system; associate names with managed objects and sets of managed objects; initialize and close down managed objects; collect information on demand about the current condition of the open system; obtain announcements of significant changes in the condit
45、ion of the open system; and change the configuration of the open system. a) b) c) d) e) f, 5.5.5 Performance management Performance management enables the behaviour of resources in the OSIE and the effectiveness of a) gather statistical information; b) c) d) communication activities to be evaluated.
46、 Performance management includes functions to maintain and examine logs of system state histories; determine system performance under natural and artificial conditions; and alter system modes of operation for the purpose of conducting performance management activities. 5.5.6 Security management The
47、purpose of security management is to support the application of security policies by means of functions a) b) c) Note - Recommendation X.800 2 provides further information on the placement of OS1 management which include the creation, deletion and control of security services and mechanisms; the dis
48、uibution of security-relevant information; and the reporting of security-relevant events. functions within the overall security architecture. 4 Recommendation X.700 (09B2) CCITT RECMN*X-700 92 9 4862573 0580162 91% 9 6 Model for OS1 management 6.1 Overview OS1 management encompasses those activities
49、 needed to control, coordinate and monitor the resources which allow communications to take place in the OS1 environment. Activities relate to the means by which a) a real open system obtains information to enable the supervision and control of its communications resources; and b) real open systems cooperate to supervise and control the OS1 environment. The model of OS1 management is defined in terms of c) d) e) f) g) OS1 management structure (see Q 6.2); supporting functionality required by OS1 management (see 5 6.3); management information base (see Q 6.4); flow of
