1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T X.760 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (01/2018) SERIES X: DATA NETWORKS, OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY OSI management Management functions and ODMA functions The measurement framework for the stati
2、stical indicators of website traffic Recommendation ITU-T X.760 ITU-T X-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS DATA NETWORKS, OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY PUBLIC DATA NETWORKS Services and facilities X.1X.19 Interfaces X.20X.49 Transmission, signalling and switching X.50X.89 Network aspects X.90X.149 Mai
3、ntenance X.150X.179 Administrative arrangements X.180X.199 OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION Model and notation X.200X.209 Service definitions X.210X.219 Connection-mode protocol specifications X.220X.229 Connectionless-mode protocol specifications X.230X.239 PICS proformas X.240X.259 Protocol Identifica
4、tion X.260X.269 Security Protocols X.270X.279 Layer Managed Objects X.280X.289 Conformance testing X.290X.299 INTERWORKING BETWEEN NETWORKS General X.300X.349 Satellite data transmission systems X.350X.369 IP-based networks X.370X.379 MESSAGE HANDLING SYSTEMS X.400X.499 DIRECTORY X.500X.599 OSI NETW
5、ORKING AND SYSTEM ASPECTS Networking X.600X.629 Efficiency X.630X.639 Quality of service X.640X.649 Naming, Addressing and Registration X.650X.679 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) X.680X.699 OSI MANAGEMENT Systems management framework and architecture X.700X.709 Management communication service
6、and protocol X.710X.719 Structure of management information X.720X.729 Management functions and ODMA functions X.730X.799 SECURITY X.800X.849 OSI APPLICATIONS Commitment, concurrency and recovery X.850X.859 Transaction processing X.860X.879 Remote operations X.880X.889 Generic applications of ASN.1
7、X.890X.899 OPEN DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING X.900X.999 INFORMATION AND NETWORK SECURITY X.1000X.1099 SECURE APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES (1) X.1100X.1199 CYBERSPACE SECURITY X.1200X.1299 SECURE APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES (2) X.1300X.1499 CYBERSECURITY INFORMATION EXCHANGE X.1500X.1599 CLOUD COMPUTING SECURIT
8、Y X.1600X.1699 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T X.760 (01/2018) i Recommendation ITU-T X.760 The measurement framework for the statistical indicators of website traffic Summary Recommendation ITU-T X.760 describes the measurement framework for the st
9、atistical indicators of website traffic. Websites are one of the largest traffic sources of telecommunication networks. It is necessary for network operators to understand the characteristics of website traffic and measurement methodologies to plan and optimize their networks for providing a better
10、quality of service to websites and end users. This Recommendation defines three key statistical indicators (KSIs) including 8 sub-indicators of website traffic and describes the measurement framework including the measurement environment and measurement procedure for KSIs of website traffic. This Re
11、commendation is aimed at providing network operators with a means to benchmark websites for scaling and optimizing network infrastructures. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T X.760 2018-01-13 2 11.1002/1000/13480 Keywords Statistical indicator, website traffic.
12、* To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T X.760 (01/2018) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is t
13、he United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Re
14、commendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. T
15、he approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Admi
16、nistration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and c
17、ompliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendati
18、on is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed
19、 Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommend
20、ation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, wit
21、hout the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T X.760 (01/2018) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 1 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 1 5 Conventions 1 6 Introduction . 1 7 Key statistical
22、indicators of website traffic 2 7.1 Source IP indicator . 2 7.2 Visitor indicator 2 7.3 Page view indicator 3 8 Measurement framework 4 8.1 Measurement environment . 4 8.2 Measurement procedure . 4 Appendix I Use case: Predicting the bandwidth requirements of a website . 6 Appendix II Security and p
23、rivacy consideration. 7 Bibliography. 8 Rec. ITU-T X.760 (01/2018) 1 Recommendation ITU-T X.760 The measurement framework for the statistical indicators of website traffic 1 Scope This Recommendation defines a framework, and identifies the key statistical indicators and their measurement methodology
24、, for characterizing website traffic. It aims to provide network operators with a means to benchmark websites for scaling and optimizing network infrastructures. 2 References None. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere None. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines th
25、e following terms: 3.2.1 website traffic: The amount of data sent to a website and received from a website by visitors. 3.2.2 key statistical indicators of website traffic: The parameters used to characterize website traffic. In this Recommendation, they are derived from the measurement of website t
26、raffic, such as source IP indicator, visitor indicator, page view indicator, etc. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: ETL Extract Transform Load IP Internet Protocol KSI Key Statistical Indicator PC Personal Computer QoE Quality of Experien
27、ce QoS Quality of Service 5 Conventions None. 6 Introduction Websites have become one of the largest traffic sources in telecommunication networks. It is important to characterize and measure website traffic to help plan and optimize telecommunication networks. Most of the time, key statistical indi
28、cators are used to characterize website traffic. There are several ways to collect different statistical indicators of website traffic for different purposes, such as client software mode, website-embedded code mode and cookie mode, etc. This 2 Rec. ITU-T X.760 (01/2018) Recommendation provides the
29、measurement framework for statistical indicators of website traffic for planning and optimizing network infrastructures. 7 Key statistical indicators of website traffic The following key statistical indicators of website traffic are used in this Recommendation. Each indicator may have one or more su
30、b-indicator. An indicator or sub-indicator is calculated in a statistical period. The units of the statistical period are minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, etc. 7.1 Source IP indicator 7.1.1 General description The source IP indicator is an indicator related to the source IP address accessing the
31、 website to be measured in a statistical period of time. In this Recommendation the source IP indicator has two sub-indicators: the number of unique IP addresses and the spatial distribution of unique IP addresses. 7.1.2 Sub-indicators 7.1.2.1 Number of unique IP addresses The number of unique IP ad
32、dresses is the total number of different source IP addresses accessing the website to be measured in a statistical period. If several visitors share one IP address, only one unique IP address is counted. When a visitor uses several different IP addresses in different periods, multiple unique IP addr
33、esses are counted. So the number of unique IP addresses is generally different from the number of unique visitors. The number of unique IP addresses reflects the service coverage of a website. 7.1.2.2 Spatial distribution of unique IP addresses The spatial distribution of unique IP addresses is the
34、spatial distribution of all the source IP addresses accessing the website to be measured in a statistical period among Internet service providers and spatial locations. The spatial distribution of unique IP addresses is the reflection of users Internet service providers and locations. 7.1.3 Applicat
35、ion Network operators may optimize their network infrastructures according to the number of unique IP addresses and the spatial distribution of unique IP addresses. 7.2 Visitor indicator 7.2.1 General description The visitor indicator is used to distinguish different visitors accessing the website d
36、uring a statistical period. This indicator has one sub-indicator: number of unique visitors. 7.2.2 Sub-indicators 7.2.2.1 Number of unique visitors The number of unique visitors is the total amount of different visitors accessing the website during a statistical period. The number of unique visitors
37、 reflects the visitor coverage of the website. Rec. ITU-T X.760 (01/2018) 3 7.2.3 Application When the number of unique visitors increases or decreases sharply, something abnormal might have happened to the website, such as a service going online or offline. The network operators need to optimize th
38、eir network in time to match the rapidly changing number of unique visitors. 7.3 Page view indicator 7.3.1 General description The page view indicator is the network traffic caused by the volume of web pages of the website to be measured, which are viewed by visitors in a statistical period. In this
39、 Recommendation, web page refers to all types of media, such as text, image, file, audio or video, etc., within the website to be measured. The page view indicator has five sub-indicators: total volume of network traffic, average volume of network traffic per unique IP address, total bandwidth occup
40、ied by the website, average bandwidth occupied per unique IP address, the maximum bandwidth occupied by a unique IP address. 7.3.2 Sub-indicators 7.3.2.1 Total volume of network traffic The total volume of network traffic is the total volume of network traffic caused by all the visitors accessing th
41、e website to be measured; this includes the network traffic sent to the website and received from the website by visitors in a statistical period. The total volume of network traffic is measured in bits. The total volume of network traffic reflects the volume of network traffic which should be trans
42、mitted through telecommunication networks in a statistical period. 7.3.2.2 Average volume of network traffic per unique IP address The average volume of network traffic per unique IP address is the average volume of network traffic caused by one unique IP address accessing the website to be measured
43、 during a statistical period. The average volume of network traffic per unique IP address is measured in bits per second. The average volume of network traffic per unique IP address reflects the average volume of network traffic for one unique IP address which should be transmitted by telecommunicat
44、ion networks in a statistical period. 7.3.2.3 Total bandwidth occupied by the website The total bandwidth occupied by a website is the total network bandwidth occupied by the website to be measured while it provides services to the users in a statistical period. The total bandwidth occupied by the w
45、ebsite is measured in bits per second. The total bandwidth occupied by the website reflects the network bandwidth requirements of the website. 7.3.2.4 Average bandwidth occupied per unique IP address The average bandwidth occupied per unique IP address is the average bandwidth occupied by one unique
46、 IP address. It equates to the total bandwidth occupied by the website divided by the number of unique IP addresses. The average bandwidth occupied per unique IP address is measured in bits per second. The average bandwidth occupied per unique IP address reflects the average network bandwidth requir
47、ements for a unique IP address accessing the website to be measured. 4 Rec. ITU-T X.760 (01/2018) 7.3.2.5 The maximum bandwidth occupied by a unique IP address The maximum bandwidth occupied by a unique IP address is the maximum bandwidth occupied by a unique IP address accessing the website to be m
48、easured in a statistical period of time with all the unique IP addresses. The maximum bandwidth occupied by a unique IP address is measured in bits per second. The maximum bandwidth occupied by a unique IP address reflects the maximum network bandwidth requirement for a unique IP address accessing t
49、he website to be measured. 7.3.3 Application The page view indicator reflects network traffic caused by visitors accessing a website. The rapid increase of total bandwidth occupied by a website implies that there might be new applications, more video-type content, more large files in the website compared to before; network operators should plan to prepare more bandwidth for the website to meet its requirements. The maximum bandwidth occupied by a unique IP address indicates the maximum bandwidth requirements of a unique IP addres
