1、INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION ITU-T TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU DATA NETWORKS AND OPEN SYSTEM CO MM UN ICATIONS SECURITY X.81 O (1 1 /95) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - c OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION - SECURITY FRAMEWORKS FOR OPEN SYSTEMS: OVERVIEW ITU-T Recommendation X.81 O (
2、Previously “CCIlT Recommendation”) COPYRIGHT International Telecommunications Union/ITU TelecommunicationsLicensed by Information Handling ServicesITU-T RECMN*X.BLO 95 W 48b2591 Ob13282 914 W FOREWORD IT (International Telecommunication Union) is the United Nations Specialized Agency in the field of
3、 telecommunications. The IT Telecommunication Standardization Sector (IT-T) is a permanent organ of the ITU. Some 179 member countries, 84 telecom operating entities, 145 scientific and industrial organizations and 38 international organizations participate in ITU-T which is the body which sets worl
4、d telecommunications standards (Recommendations). The approval of Recommendations by the Members of ITU-T is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSC Resolution No. 1 (Helsinki, 1993). In addition, the World Telecommunication Standardization Conference (WTSC), which meets every four years, approve
5、s Recommendations submitted to it and establishes the study programme for the following period. In some areas of information technology which fall within IW-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with IS0 and IEC. The text of IT-T Recommendation X.810 was approved
6、on 21st of November 1995. The identical text is also published as ISO/IEC International Standard 10181-1. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration” is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized private operating agency. O ITU 1996 All
7、 rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the . COPYRIGHT International Telecommunications Union/ITU TelecommunicationsLicensed by Informa
8、tion Handling Services ITU-T RECMNUX.810 95 = 4Bib2591 Ob13283 850 PUBLIC DATA NETWORKS Services and Facilities KU-T X-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS DATA NETWORKS AND OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS (February 1994) ORGANIZATION OF X-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS x. I-x. 19 I Subject area I Recommendation Series I Inte
9、rfaces Transmission, Signalling and Switching X.20-X.49 X.50-X.89 Network Aspects Maintenance X.90-X. 149 X. 150-X. 179 Administrative Arrangements OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION X.180-x.199 Model and Notation x.200-x.209 Service Definitions X.210-X.219 Connectionless-mode Protocol Specifications PICS
10、 Proformas Protocol Identification X.230-X.239 X.240-X.259 X.260-X.269 I DIRECTORY I X.500-X.599 Security Protocols Layer Managed Objects X.270-X.279 X.280-X.289 Conformance Testing INTERWORKING BETWEEN NETWORKS X.290-X.299 General Mobile Data Transmission Systems X. 300-X. 349 X.350-X.369 Managemen
11、t MESSAGE HANDLING SYSTEMS X.370-X.399 X.400-X.499 OS1 NETWORKING AND SYSTEM ASPECTS Networking Naming, Addressing and Registration X.600-X. 649 X.650-X.679 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN. I) OS1 MANAGEMENT _ X.680-X.699 x.700-x.799 SECURITY OS1 APPLICATIONS X.800-X.849 Commitment, Concurrency an
12、d Recovery Transaction Processing Remote Operations OPEN DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING X.850-X.859 X. 860-X. 879 X.880-X.899 x.900-x.999 COPYRIGHT International Telecommunications Union/ITU TelecommunicationsLicensed by Information Handling ServicesITU-T RECMN*XmB30 95 m 4862573 Ob33284 797 m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
13、 8 9 CONTENTS Page Scope 1 Normative references . 1 2.1 Identical Recommendations I International Standards 1 2.2 Paired Recommendations i international Standards equivalent in technical content 1 Definitions 2 3.1 Basic Reference Model definitions . 2 3.2 Security architecture definitions . 2 3.3 A
14、dditional definitions . 2 Abbreviations . 4 Notation 4 Organization . 6.1 Part 1 - Overview . 6.2 Part 2 - Authentication . 6.3 Part 3 - Access control . 6.4 Part 4 - Non-repudiation . 6.5 Part 5 - Confidentiality . 6.6 Part 6 - Integrity . 6.7 Part 7 - Security audit and alarms 6.8 Key management C
15、ommon concepts 7.1 Security information . 7.2 Security domain 7.2.1 Security policy and security policy rules 7.2.2 Security domain authority . 7.2.3 Inter-relationships among security domains . 7.2.4 Establishment of secure interaction rules 7.2.5 Inter-domain security information transfer . 7.3 Se
16、curity policy considerations for specific security services 7.4 Trusted entities 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 7.5 Trust 10 7.6 Trusted third parties 10 Generic security information 8.1 Security labels . 8.2 Cryptographic checkvalues . 8.3 Security certificates . 8.3.1 Introduction to securi
17、ty certificates . 8.3.2 Verification and chaining of security certificates . 8.3.3 Revocation of security certificates 8.3.4 Re-use of security certificates . 8.3.5 Security certificate structure . 8.4 Security tokens 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 Generic security facilities . 13 9.1 Management rela
18、ted facilities . 13 9.1.1 Instail Si 13 9.1.2 Deinstall SI 13 9.1.3 Change SI 13 ITU-T Rec . X.810 (1995 E) i COPYRIGHT International Telecommunications Union/ITU TelecommunicationsLicensed by Information Handling ServicesITU-T RECNNUX.810 95 m 4862591 Ob13285 623 m 9.1.4 Validate SI 9.1.5 Invalidat
19、e SI 9.1.6 DisabIrne-enable security service . 9.1.7 Enrol 9.1.8 Un-enrol 9.1.9 Distribute SI 9.1.10 List SI 9.2 Operational related facilities . 9.2.1 Identify trusted security authorities . 9.2.2 Identify secure interaction rules 9.2.3 Acquire SI . 9.2.4 Generate SI 9.2.5 Verify SI . 10 Interactio
20、ns between security mechanisms 11 Denial of service and availability . 12 Other requirements . Annex A - Some examples of protection mechanisms for security certificates . Protection using an OS1 communications security service . Protection using a parameter within the security certificate . A.2.1 T
21、he authentication method A.2.2 The secret key method A.2.3 The public key method A.2.4 The one-way function method Protection of the internal and external parameters while in transit . A.3.1 Transfer of internal parameters to the issuing security authority A.3.2 Transfer of external parameters among
22、 entities Use of security certificates by single entities or by groups of entities Linking a security certificate with accesses Annex B - Bibliography . A . 1 A.2 A.3 A.4 AS Page 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 20 11 ITU-T Rec . X.810 (1995 E) COPY
23、RIGHT International Telecommunications Union/ITU TelecommunicationsLicensed by Information Handling ServicesITU-T RECNN*X.BltO 95 = 48b259L Ob33286 5bT Summary This Recommendation I International Standard defines the framework within which security services for open systems are specified. This part
24、of the Security Frameworks describes the organization of the security framework, defines security concepts which are required in more than one part of the security framework, and describes the interrelationship of the services and mechanisms identified in other parts of the framework. Introduction M
25、any applications have requirements for security to protect against threats to the communication of information. Some commonly known threats, together with the security services and mechanisms that can be used to protect against them are described in CCiT Rec. X.800 I IS0 7498-2. This Recommendation
26、I International Standard defines the framework within which security services for open systems are specified. ITU-T Rec. X.810 (1995 E) iii COPYRIGHT International Telecommunications Union/ITU TelecommunicationsLicensed by Information Handling Services ITU-T RECflN*X-BLO 75 m 4862573 Ob33287 4Tb m .
27、,I . -I ;, .J.“ _,-.I - ., , , - c COPYRIGHT International Telecommunications Union/ITU TelecommunicationsLicensed by Information Handling ServicesITU-T RECMN*X.810 95 4862591 Ob13288 332 m ISO/IEC 10181-1 : 1996 (E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ITU-T RECOMMENDATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - OPEN SYSTEMS I
28、NTERCONNECTION - SECURITY FRAMEWORKS FOR OPEN SYSTEMS: OVERVIEW 1 Scope The security frameworks address the application of security services in an Open Systems environment, where the term Open Systems is taken to include areas such as Database, Distributed Applications, ODP and OSI. The security fra
29、meworks are concerned with defining the means of providing protection for systems and objects within systems, and with the interactions between systems. The security frameworks are not concerned with the methodology for constructing systems or mechanisms. The security frameworks address both data el
30、ements and sequences of operations (but not protocol elements) which are used to obtain specific security services. These security services may apply to the communicating entities of systems as well as to data exchanged between systems, and to data managed by systems. The security frameworks provide
31、 the basis for further standardization, providing consistent terminology and definitions of generic abstract service interfaces for specific security requirements. They also categorize the mechanisms that can be used to achieve those requirements. One security service frequently depends on other sec
32、urity services, making it difficult to isolate one part of security from the others. The security frameworks address particular security services, describe the range of mechanisms that can be used to provide the security services, and identify interdependancies between the services and the mechanism
33、s. The description of these mechanisms may involve a reliance on a different security service, and it is in this way that the security frameworks describe the reliance of one security service on another. This part of the security frameworks: - - - describes the organization of the security framework
34、s; defines security concepts which are required in more than one part of the security frameworks; describes the inter-relationship of the services and mechanisms identified in other parts of the frameworks. 2 Normative references The following Recommendations and International Standards contain prov
35、isions, which through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation I International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Recommendation I Inte
36、rnational Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and Standards indicated below. Members of JEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid Intemational Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU main
37、tains a list of currently valid IT Recommendations. 2.1 Identical Recommendations I International Standards - IT-T Recommendation X.200 (1994) I ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model: The Bnsic Model. 2.2 Paired Recommendations I Internati
38、onal Standards equivalent in technical content - CCiT Recommendation X.800 (1991), Security architecture for Open System Interconnection for CCIT applications. IS0 7498-2: 1989, Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model - Part 2: Security Architecture. ITU
39、-T Rec. X.810 (1995 E) 1 COPYRIGHT International Telecommunications Union/ITU TelecommunicationsLicensed by Information Handling ServicesISOAEC 10181-1 : 1996 (E) 3 Definitions The following definitions are used either in the overview or are common to two or more of the subsequent parts of the secur
40、ity frameworks. For the purposes of this Recommendation I International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 Basic Reference Model definitions This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in IT-T Rec. X.200 I ISO/IEC 7498-1: - (N)-layer; - (N)-entit
41、y; - (N)-protocol-data-unit; - application process; - real open system; - real system. 3.2 Security architecture definitions This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in CCilT Rec. X.800 I IS0 7498-2: - access control; - availability; - ciphertext; - crypt
42、ographic checkvalue; - decipherment; - denial of service; - digital signature; - encipherment; - insider threat; - key; - key management; - plaintext; - outsider threat; - security audit; - security label; - security policy; - sensitivity; - threat. 3.3 Additional definitions For the purposes of thi
43、s Recommendation I International Standard, the following definitions apply: 3.3.1 decipherment in which the keys used for encipherment and decipherment differ. signature requires the use of more than one private key. 3.3.2 certificates containing one or more classes of security-relevant data. 3.3.3
44、violate the security policy without being detected. asymmetric cryptographic algorithm: An algorithm for performing encipherment or the corresponding NOTE - With some asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, decipherment of ciphertext or the generation of a digital certification authority: An entity tha
45、t is trusted (in the context of a security policy) to create security conditionally trusted entity: An entity that is trusted in the context of a security policy, but which cannot 2 ITU-T Rec. X.810 (1995 E) COPYRIGHT International Telecommunications Union/ITU TelecommunicationsLicensed by Informati
46、on Handling ServicesISO/IEC 10181-1 : 1996 (E) 3.3.4 cryptographic chaining: A mode of use of a cryptographic algorithm in which the transformation performed by the algorithm depends on the values of previous inputs or outputs. 3.3.5 digitai fingerprint: A characteristic of a data item, such as a cr
47、yptographic checkvalue or the result of performing a one-way hash function on the data, that is sufficiently peculiar to the data item that it is computationally infeasible to find another data item that will possess the same characteristics. 3.3.6 3.3.7 smaller range of values. 3.3.8 computationall
48、y infeasible to find any of the values that may have been supplied to obtain it. 3.3.9 3.3.10 (usually to only one entity). 3.3.11 available. 3.3.12 certificate has been revoked. 3.3.13 revoked. 3.3.14 seal: A cryptographic checkvalue that supports integrity but does not protect against forgery by t
49、he recipient (Le. it does not provide non-repudiation). When a seal is associated with a data element, that data element is said to be sealed. NOTE - Although a seal does not by itself provide non-repudiation, some non-repudiation mechanisms make use of the integrity service provided by seals, e.g. to protect communications with trusted third parties. 3.3.15 secret key: A key that is used with a symmetric cryptographic algorithm. Possession of a secret key is restricted (usually to two entities). 3.3.16 security administrator: A person who is responsible fo
