1、 2003 4 4 X ISO 5964 2003 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2003 4 4 03 280 ( ) ( 02 509 7334) . 7 5 , . ICS 01.140.20 KS X ISO 5964 2003 Documentation Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri , KS 1985 1 ISO 5964, Documentation Guidelines for the establishment and development
2、 of multilingual thesauri . ISO 2788 . . ISO 2788 . , , . ISO 2788 . . “ ” . . . ( ). ( ) . . . . . ( ) . . . , , , . . ISO/R 639 Symbols for languages, countries and authorities ISO 1086 Documentation Title-leaves of a book X ISO 5964 2003 ISO 2788 Documentation Guidelines for the establishment and
3、 development of monolingual thesauri 2 International Standard INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION.MEYHAPOHAR OPI-AHM3AMfl I-IO CTAHAAPTM3AMM.ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION Documentation - Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri Documentation
4、 - Principes directeurs pour l% tablissemen t et Ie developpemen t de thesaurus multilingues First edition - 1985-02-15 UDC 025.48 Ref. No. ISO 59644985 (E) Descriptors : documentation, subject indexing, information retrieval, thesauri, multilingual thesauri, preparation, rules (instructions). Price
5、 based on 61 pages Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national Standards bodies (ISO member bedies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Esch member body interested in a su
6、bject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, govern- mental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circu
7、lated to the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by the ISO Council. They are approved in accordance with ISO procedures requiring at least 75 % approval by the member bodies voting. International Standard ISO 5964 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
8、46, Documen ta tion. 0 International Organkation for Standardkation, 1985 Printed in Switzerland ii Contents 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Page Introduction 1 Scope and field of application . 1 References . 2 Definitions . 2 General 3 Abbreviations and Symbols . 4 Vocabulary control 5 The es
9、tablishment of a multilingual thesaurus: general Problems . 5 The establishment of a multilingual thesaurus: management decisions 6 The establishment of a multilingual thesaurus: language Problems. . 7 Establishing equivalent terms in different languages 11 Other language Problems. 20 Relationships
10、between terms in a multilingual thesaurus. 25 Display of terms and relationships . 27 Form and contents of a multilingual thesaurus . 31 Organization of work 32 Annexes A Symbolization of thesaural relationships 35 B Examplesofdisplays . 36 . . . Ill This page intentionally left blank INTERNATIONAL
11、STANDARD ISO 5964-1985 (E) Documentation - Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri 0 Introduction A trend towards the international exchange of information, fully supported by the UNISIST* Programme of UNESCO, and exemplified by Systems like the International inform
12、ation System for the agricultural sciences and technology (AGRIS) and the Inter- national Nuclear Information System (INIS), clearly calls for a higher commitment to multilingual cooperation. Information Systems are expanding across language boundaries, leading to a notable increase in the Provision
13、 sf indexing and retrieval tools which are either language-independent (the Broad System of Ordering), or multilingual. Aids of this kind are essential if retrieval of documents indexed in more than one language is not to depend on the acquisition and use of a Single, dominant language. Indexers or
14、searchers should, where possible, be able to work in their mother tongues, or at least in a language with which they are already familiar. Within this context it is considered that multilingual thesauri have a significant part to play in improving the bibliographic control 0% literature on a global
15、scale. The standardization of procedures for the construction of a multilingual thesaurus is seen as a primary step in achieving compatibility between thesauri produced by indexing agencies using terms selected from different natura1 languages. The recording of these pro- cedures will also enable in
16、dexers engaged in this task to benefit from the experience sf others, and to work in a logical and consistent fashion, using recommended practices which have been established in the course of discussions at an international level. 1 Scope and field of application 1 .l The guidelines given in this In
17、ternational Standard should be used in conjunction with ISO 2788, and regarded as an extension of the scope of the monolingual guidelines. lt is considered that the majority of procedures and recommendations contained in ISO 2788 are equally valid for a multilingual thesaurus. This applies particula
18、rly to general procedures concerning, for example, the forms of terms, the basic thesaural relationships, and management operations such as evaluation and maintenance. Except when it appears to be necessary, the procedures described in ISO 2788 are not repeated here, and it is therefore essential to
19、 refer to both of these International Standards when constructing a multilingual thesaurus. 1.2 These guidelines are restricted in scope to the Problems of multilingualism which tan arise during the construction of a “con- ventional” thesaurus, i.e. a thesaurus displaying terms selected from more th
20、an one natura1 language, these terms then constituting the vocabulary of a controlled indexing language. Throughout this International Standard, a distinction is made between preferred terms and non-preferred terms (sec definitions in clause 3). These guidelines are not applicable to indexing langua
21、ges in which con- cepts are expressed entirely as Symbols (for example mathematical equations or Chemical formulae), nor to Systems which are based on the automatic analysis and searching of free text. lt is considered, however, that a weil-constructed multilingual thesaurus tan play a significant p
22、art in improving retrieval from a free-text System which covers documents in more than one language. 1.3 M ultilingual thesauri are relatively recent devel present guidelines should display certain limitations. opments in the field of documentation, and it is inevitable, therefore, that the a) The e
23、xamples used to illustrate Problems encountered in the establishment of term equivalences have been drawn largely from the fields of science (including the social sciences) and technology. As far as possible, however, examples were Chosen which illustrate general Problems and procedures, i.e. those
24、which should apply in any field of knowledge. b) lt is realized that the procedures described in these guidelines may not be entirely appropriate for all languages. The examples have been selected, for entirely pragmatic reasons, from three of the major languages, i.e. English, French and German, bu
25、t this does not imply that these languages are regarded as dominant in the field of documentation. As far as possible the procedures considered here, together with their accompanying examples, relate to Problems which may be encountered in any language. * Intergovernmental Programme for Co-Operation
26、 in the field of scientific and technological information. ISO 5964-1985 (E) 2 References ISO/R 639, Symbols for languages, countrles and authorities. ISO 1086, Documentation - Title-leaves of a book. ISO 2788, Documentation - Guidelines for the establishmen t and developmen t of monolingual thesaur
27、i 3 Definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply: 3.1 coined term: A neologism especially created in a target language to express a concept which is denoted by an existing and recognized term in a Source language, but which has no t previously been exp
28、ressed n the target language. 32 could compound term : An indexing be expressed, or re-expressed, term (sec 3.8) which tan be factored morphologicall y into separa te componen as a noun that is capabl e of serving independently as an indexi ng term. NOTE - The Parts of the great majority of compound
29、 terms tan be distinguished as follows: ts, each sf which the focus or head, i.e. the noun component which identifies the general class of concepts to which the term as a whole refers; b) the diffe su bclasses. rence or modifier, i.e. one or more further components which serve to narrow the extensio
30、n of the focus by specifying one of its In French, English and simila r languages, compound terms usual expressed by a Single word in German and some other languages. ly consist of separate words, whereas the same concept would frequently be Examples: a) English German SYSTElVlS ANALYSIS = SYSTEMANA
31、LYSE Frenc h PONT EN BETON = German BETONBR CKE In example (a) the English word “analysis” and the German component “analyse” both represent foci, and the modifying differentes are represented by “Systems” (English) and “System” (German). Despite these surface structural differentes, however, the te
32、rms “Systems analysis” and “Systemanalyse” are both regarded as compound terms for the purposes of this International Standard. 3.3 dominant language: An exchange language (sec 3.5) which is also used for indexing and retrieval in Systems which, for policy reasons, do not give equal Status to all th
33、e languages in the System. Every concept recognized in the System must necessarily be represented by a preferred term in the dominant language. In some cases, however, an equivalent expression may be lacking in one more sf the other languages. These other languages are then known as secondary langua
34、ges. 34 by an equal Status: Languages equivalent preferred term in a multilingual thesaurus in all other lang uages. have equal Status when every preferred term in one language is matched 3.5 exchange language: The language used as a medium for data exchange in those multilingual Systems which, as a
35、 matter of policy, decide to use terms selected from only one language for this purpose. The exchange language may also be used for indexing and/or retrieval, and the multilingual thesaurus then functions principally as a means Bor translating the local languages sf indexers and enquirers into, or o
36、ut sf, the exchange language. The different languages in such a System would still be recognized as having equal Status (sec 3.4) if equivalents are established reciprocally between the preferred terms in the exchange language and the pre- ferred terms in all other languages. 36 useful feedback: The
37、 act sf changing the form or stru cture sf solution to a Problem encountered in a target Ia nguage. a term in a Source ianguage in Order to achieve an easier or a more Example: Let us assume that a German thesaurus is used as a Source language and contains the term “Lehrerbildungsgesetz”. Direct tra
38、nslation of this term into English or French would call for a complicated Paraphrase, “Law of education sf teachers”, or “Loi sur Ia formation des enseignants”. Neither sf these phrases would be regarded as a satisfactory indexing term. A shorter expression, which is closer to the German constructio
39、n, tan be achieved in English, i.e. “Teacher education law”, but this cannot be done in French. 2 ISO 5964-1985 (E) Feedback would operate if, in response to these Problems, the original German compound term is factored into its separate com- ponents, each expressed as a noun, i.e. “Bildung”, “Gesetz” and “Lehrer”, and if these are henceforth accepted as indexing terms in German and assigned to documents dealing with this subject. Translation into English and French could then be carried out
