1、 Standard Test Method Evaluating Elastomeric Materials in Sour Gas Environments This NACE International standard represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. Its acceptance does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she ha
2、s adopted the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not in conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this NACE International standard is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, to manufacture, se
3、ll, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for infringement of Letters Patent. This standard represents minimum requirements and should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of be
4、tter procedures or materials. Neither is this standard intended to apply in all cases relating to the subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this standard in specific instances. NACE International assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this standard by
5、other parties and accepts responsibility for only those official NACE International interpretations issued by NACE International in accordance with its governing procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers. Users of this NACE International standard
6、 are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, environmental, and regulatory documents and for determining their applicability in relation to this standard prior to its use. This NACE International standard may not necessarily address all potential health and safety problems or environme
7、ntal hazards associated with the use of materials, equipment, and/or operations detailed or referred to within this standard. Users of this NACE International standard are also responsible for establishing appropriate health, safety, and environmental protection practices, in consultation with appro
8、priate regulatory authorities if necessary, to achieve compliance with any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to the use of this standard. CAUTIONARY NOTICE: NACE International standards are subject to periodic review, and may be revised or withdrawn at any time in accordance with NAC
9、E technical committee procedures. NACE International requires that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of initial publication and subsequently from the date of each reaffirmation or revision. The user is cautioned to obtain the latest
10、 edition. Purchasers of NACE International standards may receive current information on all standards and other NACE International publications by contacting the NACE International FirstService Department, 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston, Texas 77084-4906 (telephone +1 281-228-6200). Revised 2011-06-1
11、8 Reaffirmed 2003-09-12 Reaffirmed 1998-03-24 Revised April 1992 Approved January 1987 NACE International 1440 South Creek Drive Houston, Texas 77084-4906 +1 281-228-6200 ISBN 1-57590-056-4 2011, NACE International NACE Standard TM0187-2011 Item No. 21220 TM0187-2011 NACE International i _ Foreword
12、This standard test method was prepared to serve as a tool in the process of evaluating elastomeric materials for use in the oil field and other energy-related areas where sour gaseous environments are encountered. It is an accelerated aging procedure similar to ASTM(1) D471,1 with additional informa
13、tion on sour environment testing at pressures greater than atmospheric pressure. It is intended for use by anyone investigating the use of elastomeric materials in sour gas environments. By using the specified test conditions, data from separate laboratories that use this test method may be compared
14、. No technical organization is known to have issued a comparable standard test method. This method is useful in conducting research and development of elastomeric vulcanites. This standard was originally prepared in 1987 and revised in 1992 by Task Group (TG) T-1G-17, a component of Unit Committee T
15、-1G, “Protective Coatings, Elastomers, and Other Nonmetallic Materials for Oilfield Use.” It was reaffirmed in 1998 and 2003, and it was revised in 2011 by TG 411, “Review and Revise as Necessary NACE Standard TM0187-2003.” This standard is published by NACE International under the auspices of Speci
16、fic Technology Group (STG) 33, “Oil and Gas ProductionNonmetallics and Wear Coatings (Metallic).” In NACE standards, the terms shall, must, should, and may are used in accordance with the definitions of these terms in the NACE Publications Style Manual. The terms shall and must are used to state a r
17、equirement, and are considered mandatory. The term should is used to state something good and is recommended, but is not considered mandatory. The term may is used to state something considered optional. _ (1) ASTM International (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. TM0187-2
18、011 ii NACE International _ NACE International Standard Test Method Evaluating Elastomeric Materials in Sour Gas Environments Contents 1. General . 1 2. Definitions . 1 3. Reagents 1 4. Test Media 2 5. Test Conditions 2 6. Test Specimens 3 7. Test Equipment 3 8. Test Procedures . 4 9. Reporting of T
19、est Results . 7 References 8 Appendix A: Safety Considerations in Handling H2S Toxicity (Nonmandatory) 9 _ TM0187-2011 NACE International 1 _ Section 1: General 1.1 This standard establishes a test method to measure the ability of elastomeric materials to withstand static exposure to vapor phase sou
20、r gas environments (e.g., gaseous hydrocarbons with hydrogen sulfide H2S) at elevated pressure. This test method is not designed to be an immersion or a functional test. It is designed for testing standard O-rings or test specimens of elastomeric vulcanites cut from standard sheets (see ASTM D31822)
21、. This test method is not applicable to testing cellular rubber or porous materials. 1.2 This standard recommends the procedures for preparation of test specimens, the test equipment to be used, the test procedures to be followed, and the reporting of test results. The standard also discusses test c
22、onditions, test media, and reagents. In summary, the standard specifies conditions of temperature, exposure time, and pressure for the exposure of test specimens to the influence of a gaseous environment that contains H2S, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water vapor, and hydrocarbon vapor. The
23、results are determined by monitoring changes in physical and mechanical properties (i.e., mass, volume, compression set, hardness, tensile strength, ultimate elongation, and modulus), as well as changes in appearance after exposure to the selected test medium. 1.3 In view of the wide range of servic
24、e conditions, this test method is intended only to be a means of initial material evaluation and is not intended to provide any direct correlation with service performance. No attempt is made or implied to establish any pass/fail criteria for materials tested by this method. The change in properties
25、 of an elastomeric material is indicative of its resistance to the specific environment. This test method should be regarded only as a measure of the resistance of a material under the conditions of this particular testtest results do not necessarily have any direct relation to service performance.
26、The significance of the test results should be determined only by each laboratory for its particular application. The precision of this test method and reproducibility within and among laboratories has not been established. Test specimens being tested using this method may be different in performanc
27、e or alike within test error. The user of this test method should establish statistical significance of the data resulting from use of this test method. 1.4 Safety Precautions: H2S is an extremely toxic gas that must be handled with care. See Appendix A (nonmandatory) for safety considerations and i
28、nformation on toxicity of this gas. _ Section 2: Definitions 2.1 ASTM D15663 provides definitions of technical terms used in this standard. _ Section 3: Reagents 3.1 Reagent Purity 3.1.1 The gases (H2S, CO2, CH4) shall be reagent or chemically pure (99.5% minimum purity) grade. The nitrogen or other
29、 inert gas used for purging (to remove oxygen from the test environment) shall be of high-purity, oxygen-free grade (i.e., less than 5 ppm oxygen). 3.1.2 The hydrocarbon liquids (n-hexane, n-octane, n-decane, and toluene) shall be reagent grade. 3.1.3 The water shall conform to ASTM D11934 for Type
30、IV reagent water. Tap water shall not be used. TM0187-2011 2 NACE International _ Section 4: Test Media 4.1 It is usually desirable to evaluate elastomers in the specific environments to which they will be exposed in service. However, to provide a basis for the evaluation of elastomer performance, t
31、he user shall select one of the gas phase compositions specified in Paragraph 4.2.1 that is most appropriate for the elastomer to be tested and the anticipated service conditions. The observed performance of elastomeric materials in service is highly dependent on the particular physical nature and c
32、hemical composition of the service environment. Any change in the water, hydrocarbon, and/or gas composition can significantly change the test results. 4.2 Test Environment 4.2.1 The composition of the gas phase shall be one of the following: 4.2.1.1 20 2 vol% H2S, 5 1 vol% CO2, 75 3 vol% CH4. 4.2.1
33、.2 5 1 vol% H2S, 20 2 vol% CO2, 75 3 vol% CH4. 4.2.2 The composition of the hydrocarbon liquid phase shall be as follows: Hydrocarbon Vol% n-hexane 25 1 n-octane 20 1 n-decane 50 1 toluene 5 0.5 The hydrocarbon liquid phase shall be mixed prior to being charged in the test vessel. _ Section 5: Test
34、Conditions 5.1 Test Temperature 5.1.1 The user shall select one of the following temperatures that is most appropriate for the elastomer tested and the anticipated service conditions. 5.1.1.1 100 C (212 F) 5.1.1.2 150 C (302 F) 5.1.1.3 175 C (347 F) 5.1.2 The selected test temperature shall be maint
35、ained within 3 C ( 5 F). 5.2 Test Pressure 5.2.1 The initial pressure in the test vessel shall be 6.9 0.7 MPa (1,000 100 psig) at ambient temperature. 5.2.2 The actual test pressure shall be that pressure attained when the test vessel containing the selected test environment is heated to the selecte
36、d test temperature. 5.3 Test Exposure Period TM0187-2011 NACE International 3 5.3.1 The standard test exposure period shall be 160 2 h. 5.3.2 The test exposure period shall be defined as the period elapsed from the time the test pressure and test temperature are established until the test pressure i
37、s discontinued. _ Section 6: Test Specimens 6.1 The selection of the test specimen is often restricted by the size and shape of the available material. The geometry, cross-sectional area, and orientation of the test specimen can affect the test results and must be recorded. 6.2 Standard O-Ring Test
38、Specimen 6.2.1 The standard test specimen shall be an O-ring with 37.47 mm (1.475 in) inside diameter (ID) and 5.33 mm (0.210 in) cross-sectional diameter. This corresponds to a standard SAE(2) AS5685-325 O-ring. 6.3 For materials that cannot be tested in O-ring form, the test specimen shall be cut
39、from standard sheets (see ASTM D3182) prepared to the following dimensions: 6.3.1 Sheet test specimens to measure change in mass and volume shall be 25 x 51 x 2.0 0.2 mm (1.0 x 2.0 x 0.080 0.008 in). 6.3.2 Sheet test specimens to measure change in tensile strength, ultimate elongation, modulus, and
40、hardness shall be prepared from flat 2.0 0.2 mm (0.080 0.008 in) thick sheet using Die C (see ASTM D4126). 6.3.3 Compression set test specimens shall be cylindrical disks 12.5 0.5 mm (0.49 0.02 in) thick and 29.0 0.5 mm (1.14 0.02 in) in diameter. The disks may be direct molded, plied from disks cut
41、 from vulcanized sheets, or taken from actual parts. _ Section 7: Test Equipment 7.1 Test Vessels 7.1.1 Many types of test vessels are acceptable for the exposure of elastomers to H2S environments. Consequently, the discussion in this section is intended to emphasize the features of this test equipm
42、ent that are necessary for safe and reliable tests. 7.1.2 Test vessels shall be capable of being purged to remove oxygen before the test is initiated and retain the pressurized test environment during the test exposure period. 7.1.3 The size of the test vessel shall be such that the ratio of the tes
43、t vessel volume to the total test specimen volume is greater than 25 to 1. This requirement is intended to standardize the rate of consumption of the various constituents in the test media. 7.1.4 One important consideration for testing is the interaction of the test media with the materials used in
44、the construction of the test vessel. For tests involving H2S, the test vessel must be able to withstand both mass-loss corrosion and environmental cracking by the test media. (2) SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. TM0187-2011 4 NACE International 7.1.4.1 The te
45、st vessel shall be inert to the test media, the test specimens, and potential test specimen decomposition products. In H2S testing, it is important to select construction materials that minimize the corrosion that tends to consume the constituents of the test media and contaminate the test media. Al
46、so, localized corrosion (i.e., pitting and crevice corrosion), in addition to general mass-loss corrosion, can result in unexpected loss of pressure-sealing capabilities or failure. 7.1.4.2 The test vessel shall be designed to operate continuously at the test pressure attained when the selected test
47、 environment is heated to the selected test temperature (see Paragraph 5.2) without exhibiting environmental cracking in the H2S-containing environments. (See NACE MR0175/ISO 151567 for information to aid in selecting construction materials.) Manufacturers of autoclaves, valves, and fittings should also be consulted for additional information o
