1、 Standard Test Method Detection, Testing, and Evaluation of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion on Internal Surfaces of Pipelines This NACE International standard represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. Its acceptance does not
2、 in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has adopted the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not in conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this NACE standard is to be construed as granting any right, by impli
3、cation or otherwise, to manufacture, sell, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. This standard represents minimum requirements and should in no way be interp
4、reted as a restriction on the use of better procedures or materials. Neither is this standard intended to apply in all cases relating to the subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this standard in specific instances. NACE assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or
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7、e use of materials, equipment, and/or operations detailed or referred to within this standard. Users of this NACE standard are also responsible for establishing appropriate health, safety, and environmental protection practices, in consultation with appropriate regulatory authorities if necessary, t
8、o achieve compliance with any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to the use of this standard. CAUTIONARY NOTICE: NACE standards are subject to periodic review, and may be revised or withdrawn at any time in accordance with NACE technical committee procedures. NACE requires that action
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10、 all standards and other NACE publications by contacting the NACE FirstService Department, 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston, TX 77084-4906 (telephone +1 281-228-6200). Approved 2012-06-23 NACE International 1440 South Creek Drive Houston, TX 77084-4906 +1 281-228-6200 ISBN 1-57590-255-9 2012, NACE Inte
11、rnational NACE Standard TM0212-2012 Item No. 21260 TM0212-2012 NACE International i _ Foreword Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is corrosion affected by the presence or activity (or both) of microorganisms in biofilms on the surface of the corroding material. Many materials, including mo
12、st metals and some nonmetals, can be degraded in this manner. Microbiologically mediated reactions can alter both rates and types of electrochemical reactions in a corrosion cell. These reactions influence pitting, crevice corrosion, differential aeration cells, concentration cells, dealloying, and
13、galvanic corrosion. Therefore, MIC investigations require microbiological, chemical, and metallurgical testing for proper diagnosis. The conclusion that MIC has taken place should be based on the preponderance of circumstantial evidence. Microorganisms are often resistant to many control methods and
14、 can pose a serious internal corrosion threat for pipelines. This NACE standard test method applies to the internal surfaces of pipelines, and describes types of microorganisms, mechanisms by which MIC occurs, methods for sampling and testing for the presence of microorganisms, research results, and
15、 interpretation of test results. Sections 1 through 4 of this standard discuss the technical aspects of MIC. Sections 5 through 7 discuss field equipment and testing procedures. This standard is intended for use by pipeline operators, pipeline service providers, government agencies, and any other pe
16、rsons or companies involved in planning or managing pipeline integrity. Portions of Section 3 and Section 4 of this standard are excerpted from Peabodys Control of Pipeline Corrosion,1 Chapter 14, “Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion.” This standard test method was prepared by Task Group (TG) 254
17、, “Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion on Internal Surfaces of Pipelines: Detection, Testing, and EvaluationStandard Test Method.” TG 254 is administered by Specific Technology Group (STG) 35, “Pipelines, Tanks, and Well Casings.” This standard is issued by NACE under the auspices of STG 35. In N
18、ACE standards, the terms shall, must, should, and may are used in accordance with the definitions of these terms in the NACE Publications Style Manual. The terms shall and must are used to state a requirement, and are considered mandatory. The term should is used to state something good and is recom
19、mended, but is not considered mandatory. The term may is used to state something considered optional. _ TM0212-2012 ii NACE International _ NACE International Standard Test Method Detection, Testing, and Evaluation of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion on Internal Surfaces of Pipelines Contents
20、1. General . 1 2. Definitions . 1 3. Introduction . 4 4. Internal Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Pipelines. 7 5. Sampling Equipment . 7 6. Sampling Programs and Procedures 8 7. Testing Guidelines 14 8. Corrosion Monitoring . 20 9. Application of Test Methods to Pipelines and Interpretatio
21、n of Data 23 References 25 FIGURES: Figure 1: Examples of various pit morphologies as viewed in cross section.17 . 11 Figure 2: An illustration of the portions of the different pools of microorganisms (live, inactive, and dead) typically present in samples from the oil industry that are enumerated u
22、sing various MMMs compared to the MPN (culturing) method. Each of the methods indicated is discussed further in the text. 29 18 Figure 3: Appendix A: Site Inspection and Testing Checklist (Nonmandatory) . 29 Appendix B: Example of Pipeline System Assay Data (Nonmandatory) 32 TABLE 1 17 Table A1: Sit
23、e Inspection and Testing Checklist 29 Table B1: Example of Pipeline System Assay Data . 32 _ TM0212-2012 NACE International 1 _ Section 1: General 1.1 While the evaluation, monitoring, and mitigation of MIC cannot be prescribed in one particular manner for any given pipeline, this standard describes
24、 methodologies by which the appropriate tools and techniques may be selected and practically applied. The methods presented in this standard represent the general consensus of industry experts in pipeline corrosion and microbiology at the time this standard was published. 1.2 Appendix A (Nonmandator
25、y) provides a site inspection and testing checklist and Appendix B (Nonmandatory) provides an example of pipeline system assay data. 1.3 All applicable safety and environmental codes, rules, and regulations must be followed when using this standard. 1.4 The term “pipeline” as used in this standard g
26、enerally refers to any pipe, tank, vessel, or component of a pipeline system for which the mechanism of internal MIC is of interest to the user of this standard. _ Section 2: Definitions The definitions of many of the corrosion-related terms used in this test method can be found in NACE/ASTM(1) G193
27、.2 Other terms not included therein that have been used in this test method are defined as follows: Abiotic: The absence of living organisms, their biological components, or the metabolic activities of living organisms. Acid-producing bacteria (APB): Aerobic or anaerobic bacteria that produce organi
28、c acids as an end product of their metabolism. A few organisms (e.g., Thiobacillus), also are capable of producing mineral acids (typically under aerobic conditions). Aeration: (1) Exposing to the action of air. (2) Causing air to bubble through. (3) Introducing air into a solution by spraying, stir
29、ring, or similar method. (4) Supplying or infusing with air, as in sand or soil. (5) The introduction of air into the pulp in a flotation cell to form air bubbles. Aerobic: Containing air or free molecular oxygen. Aerobic microorganism (aerobe): A microorganism that uses oxygen as the final electron
30、 acceptor in metabolism. Anaerobic microorganism (anaerobe): A microorganism that does not require oxygen for metabolism. Archaea: Unicellular microorganisms that are genetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, which often inhabit extreme environmental conditions. Archaea include halophiles (
31、microorganisms that may inhabit extremely salty environments), methanogens (microorganisms that produce methane), and thermophiles (microorganisms that can thrive in extremely hot environments). Archaeoglobus is a common Archaea. Archaeoglobus: Microorganisms that grow at high temperatures between 6
32、0 and 95 C, with optimal growth at 83 C (ssp. A. fulgidus VC-16).3 They are sulfate-reducing Archaea, coupling the reduction of sulfate to sulfide with the oxidation of many different organic carbon sources, including complex polymers. Archaeoglobus species have been isolated from oil reservoirs and
33、 production systems; however, this group of microorganisms is normally not measured with current culturing techniques. Autoclave: A pressurized, steam-heated vessel used for sterilization. Biofilm: Microbial growth at an interface in which individual cells are bound within a matrix of extracellular
34、polymeric materials. Biotic: Involving the presence or metabolic activities of living organisms. (1)ASTM International (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. TM0212-2012 2 NACE International Carbohydrate: Any of the group of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
35、 oxygen, including sugars, starches, and celluloses. Culture medium: A sterile solution or other substrate formulated to promote the growth of a particular type or group of microorganisms. (Also called growth medium.) 4-,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI): A stain for optical microscopy that targets
36、the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in all (i.e., living and inactive) microbial cells. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE): A molecular microbiological method used to profile the most abundant microbial groups in a sample. Dissimilatory: Metabolic reactions in which a reductant is used as an
37、 electron acceptor and material is not incorporated into the cell (e.g., dissimilatory sulfate or nitrate reduction); metabolic changes that convert complex molecules into simple ones. Eukaryotes: Cells having a true nucleus, bound by a double membrane. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Facultative
38、: Capable of growing either with or without the presence of a specific environmental factor, e.g., oxygen. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): A molecular microbiological method used for enumeration of microorganisms. The method is based on gene probes targeting ribosomal Ribonucleic acid (RN
39、A) (16S or 23S rRNA) in microbial cells. Only living and active cells contain sufficient ribosomes that can be detected by FISH. Gene probes consist of two parts: (1) an artificial DNA strand complementary to the ribosomal RNA in the target cell; and (2) a fluorescing molecule covalently attached to
40、 the probe that enables observation of the target microorganism in the microscope. Fungi: Nucleated, usually filamentous, spore-bearing parasitic microorganisms devoid of chlorophyll, which include molds, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, yeasts, and others. Fungi are often found to degrade fuel (e.g., fue
41、l spoilage). Growth: An increase in the quantity of metabolically active protoplasm, accompanied by an increase in cell numbers, cell size, or both. Growth medium: See culture medium. Inoculum: A small quantity of microorganisms used to start a new culture. Inorganic acid: A compound composed of hyd
42、rogen and a nonmetal element or radical; examples are hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). A substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water and that can act as a proton donor. Isotonic: A solution that has uniform tension; having the same osmotic pressure as the fluid phas
43、e of a cell or tissue. Metal-reducing bacteria (MRB): Bacteria that in direct contact with solid iron (Fe+3) and manganese (Mn+4) oxides produce soluble ions (Fe+2 and Mn+2) resulting in dissolution of surface oxides and localized corrosion.1 Methanogens: Microorganisms that produce methane as a met
44、abolic by-product in anoxic (i.e., oxygen-free) conditions. They are classified as Archaea, a group quite distinct from bacteria. Some are extremophiles and found in environments such as oil-field systems, hot springs, and submarine hydrothermal vents, as well as in the “solid” rock of the Earths cr
45、ust, kilometers below the surface. Methanogens are common Archaea in oil production systems; however, they are normally not measured with current culturing techniques. Methanogens are involved in MIC by consuming hydrogen at the metal surface and thereby creating a depolarization. Microaerophilic: P
46、ertains to those microorganisms that require free oxygen but in very low concentrations for optimum growth. Microbe: See microorganism. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC): Corrosion affected by the presence or activity, or both, of microorganisms. (The microorganisms that are responsible f
47、or MIC are typically found in biofilms on the surface of the corroding material. Many materials, including most metals and some nonmetals, can be degraded in this manner.) TM0212-2012 NACE International 3 Microorganism: An organism of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size. Bacteria, Archaea, and fung
48、i are microorganisms. Bacteria and Archaea are combined and called prokaryotes. Fungi belong to eukaryotes (Eukarya). Monosaccharide: A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler carbohydrate. Morphology: A branch of biology that deals with the structure and form of an organism at any stage of its life history. Most probable number (MPN) method: A technique that does not rely on quantitative assessment of individual cells; instead, it relies on s
