1、 Standard Test Method Evaluating Elastomeric Materials in Sour Liquid Environments This NACE International standard represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. Its acceptance does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she
2、 has adopted the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not in conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this NACE standard is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, to manufacture, sell, or use
3、in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. This standard represents minimum requirements and should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of better proced
4、ures or materials. Neither is this standard intended to apply in all cases relating to the subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this standard in specific instances. NACE assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this standard by other parties and accepts
5、 responsibility for only those official NACE interpretations issued by NACE in accordance with its governing procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers. Users of this NACE standard are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, environm
6、ental, and regulatory documents and for determining their applicability in relation to this standard prior to its use. This NACE standard may not necessarily address all potential health and safety problems or environmental hazards associated with the use of materials, equipment, and/or operations d
7、etailed or referred to within this standard. Users of this NACE standard are also responsible for establishing appropriate health, safety, and environmental protection practices, in consultation with appropriate regulatory authorities if necessary, to achieve compliance with any existing applicable
8、regulatory requirements prior to the use of this standard. CAUTIONARY NOTICE: NACE standards are subject to periodic review, and may be revised or withdrawn at any time in accordance with NACE technical committee procedures. NACE requires that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this st
9、andard no later than five years from the date of initial publication and subsequently from the date of each reaffirmation or revision. The user is cautioned to obtain the latest edition. Purchasers of NACE standards may receive current information on all standards and other NACE publications by cont
10、acting the NACE FirstService Department, 15835 Park Ten Place, Houston, TX 77084-4906 (telephone +1 281-228-6200). Revised 2014-06-26 Reaffirmed 2002-04-00 Approved 1996-Mar-30 NACE International 15835 Park Ten Place Houston, Texas 77084 +1 281-228-6200 ISBN 1-57590-010-6 2014, NACE InternationalNAC
11、E Standard TM0296-2014 Item No. 21227 TM0296-2014 NACE International i _ Foreword This standard test method is intended to serve as a tool in the process of evaluating elastomeric materials for use in the oil field and other energy-related areas where sour liquid environments are encountered. This s
12、tandard may be used by polymer manufacturers, processors, equipment manufacturers, operating companies, or others who desire to compare resistance of various elastomeric materials to a sour liquid environment. The test method is an accelerated aging procedure similar to ASTM(1)D471,1with additional
13、information on sour environment testing under pressures greater than atmospheric pressure. If specified test conditions are adhered to, data from separate laboratories that use this test method may be compared. Other technical organizations may have a comparable standard test method. No attempt has
14、been made or implied to establish any pass/fail criteria for materials tested by this method. The change in properties of an elastomeric material is indicative of its resistance to a specific environment. Use of this standard provides a measure of the resistance under the conditions of this particul
15、ar test method, but does not necessarily provide results that have any direct relation to service performance. The significance of the results can be determined only by each laboratory for its particular application. This standard was originally prepared in 1996 by NACE International Task Group T-1G
16、-17. It was reaffirmed with significant editorial revisions in 2002 by Specific Technology Group (STG) 33, “Oil and Gas Production: Nonmetallics and Wear Coatings (Metallic),” and revised in 2008 by Task Group (TG) 087, “STG 33 Standards and Technical Committee Reports: Revision, Reaffirmation, or W
17、ithdrawal.” NACE International technical committees are composed of industry representatives including consumers, producers, and interested individuals. This standard test method is issued under the auspices of STG 33. In NACE standards, the terms shall, must, should, and may are used in accordance
18、with the definitions of these terms in the NACE Publications Style Manual. The terms shall and must are used to state a requirement, and are considered mandatory. The term should is used to state something good and is recommended, but is not considered mandatory. The term may is used to state someth
19、ing considered optional. _ (1)ASTM International (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. TM0296-2014 ii NACE International _ NACE International Standard Test Method Evaluating Elastomeric Materials in Sour Liquid Environments Contents 1. General 1 2. Definitions 1 3. Reagents
20、. 1 4. Test Environment 1 5. Test Conditions . 2 6. Test Specimen 3 7. Test Equipment . 3 8. Test Procedures 4 9. Reporting of Test Results 6 References 7 _ TM0296-2014 NACE International 1 _ Section 1: General 1.1 This standard sets forth procedures to measure the ability of elastomeric materials t
21、o withstand static exposure to sour liquid environments (e.g., hydrocarbon, water, or mixtures of each with hydrogen sulfide H2S) at elevated pressure and temperature, and is not designed to be a functional test. It is designed for testing O-rings or specimens of elastomeric vulcanizates cut from st
22、andard sheets in accordance with ASTM D3182.2This standard is not applicable to the testing of cellular rubber or porous compositions. 1.2 This standard sets forth procedures for the preparation of test specimens and equipment to be used, the test procedures to be followed, and procedures for report
23、ing results. This standard also discusses test conditions, test environment, and reagents. Specifically, this standard specifies conditions of temperature, exposure time, and pressure for the exposure of test specimens to the influence of a sour liquid environment that contains H2S, carbon dioxide (
24、CO2), methane (CH4), water, and liquid hydrocarbon. The test results are determined by monitoring changes in physical and mechanical properties (i.e., mass, volume, compression set, hardness, tensile strength, ultimate elongation, and modulus), as well as change in appearance after exposure to the s
25、elected test environment. 1.3 The precision of this test method and reproducibility within and among laboratories has not been established. Specimens being tested using this method may be different in performance or alike within test error. The user of this standard is encouraged to establish statis
26、tical significance of the data resulting from using this test method. 1.4 In view of the wide range of service conditions, this standard is intended only to provide a means of initial material evaluation and comparison. The test results are not intended to provide any direct correlation with service
27、 performance. This standard is useful in conducting research and development of elastomeric vulcanizates. 1.5 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: H2S is an extremely toxic gas that must be handled with care. See Appendix A (mandatory) for safety considerations in handling H2S. _ Section 2: Definitions 2.1 ASTM D156
28、63provides definitions of technical terms used in this standard. _ Section 3: Reagents 3.1 Reagent Purity 3.1.1 The gases (H2S, CO2, and CH4) shall be reagent or a chemically pure (99.5% minimum purity) grade. The nitrogen or other inert gas used for purging (to remove oxygen from the test environme
29、nt) shall be a high-purity, oxygen-free grade (i.e., less than 5 ppm oxygen). 3.1.2 The water shall conform to ASTM D 11934for Type IV reagent water. Tap water shall not be used. _ Section 4: Test Environment 4.1 The test environment consists of the following: a water phase occupying 5% of the test
30、vessel volume, a selected hydrocarbon liquid phase occupying 60% of the test vessel volume, and a selected H2S-containing gas mixture occupying the remainder of the test vessel volume and used to produce the test pressure. 4.1.1 It is usually desirable to evaluate elastomers in the specific environm
31、ents to which they are to be exposed in service. However, to provide a uniform basis for the evaluation and comparison of elastomer performance, the test environment should utilize the standard liquid hydrocarbon phases and gas mixtures specified below. The choice of the liquid hydrocarbon and gas p
32、hases used shall depend on the elastomers to be tested and the service conditions anticipated. TM0296-2014 2 NACE International 4.1.2 The observed performance of elastomeric materials in service is highly dependent on the particular physical nature and chemical composition of the service environment
33、. Any change in the water, hydrocarbon, and/or gas composition can significantly change the test results. 4.2 Hydrocarbon Liquid Phase 4.2.1 Three standard compositions for the hydrocarbon liquid phase are specified below. One of these standard hydrocarbon liquid phases, or another hydrocarbon liqui
34、d phase, shall be agreed on prior to testing by parties requesting and performing the test. 4.2.1.1 25 1 vol% n-hexane 20 1 vol% n-octane 50 1 vol% n-decane 5 0.5 vol% toluene 4.2.1.2 100 vol% kerosene, odorless 4.2.1.3 70 1 vol% n-heptane 20 1 vol% cyclohexane 10 1 vol% toluene 4.2.2 Multicomponent
35、 hydrocarbon liquids shall be mixed prior to use. 4.3 Gas Mixtures 4.3.1 Two standard gas mixtures are specified below. One of these standard gas mixtures, or another gas mixture, shall be agreed on prior to testing by parties requesting and performing the test. 4.3.1.1 20 2 vol% H2S, 5 1 vol% CO2,
36、75 3 vol% CH4. 4.3.1.2 10 2 vol% H2S, 5 1 vol% CO2, 85 3 vol% CH4. 4.3.2 Premixed gases of the specified H2S, CO2, and CH4compositions may be purchased for this testing. Certification of the mixtures composition should be obtained from the supplier. Compositions of gas mixtures can substantially cha
37、nge over time; therefore, mixture composition should be recertified periodically. _ Section 5: Test Conditions 5.1 Test Temperature 5.1.1 The standard test temperatures are specified below. One of these standard temperatures, or another temperature, shall be agreed on prior to testing by parties req
38、uesting and performing the test. 5.1.1.1 100 C (212 F) 5.1.1.2 121 C (250 F) 5.1.1.3 150 C (302 F) 5.1.1.4 175 C (347 F) 5.1.2 The temperature shall be maintained within 3 C ( 5 F) of the temperature specified for the test. 5.2 Test Pressure TM0296-2014 NACE International 3 5.2.1 The final test pres
39、sure, after heating to the test temperature, shall be 6.9 0.7 MPa (1,000 100 psig). 5.3 Exposure Period 5.3.1 The standard exposure period shall be 160 2 h. 5.3.2 The exposure period shall be defined as the period elapsed from the time the test pressure and test temperature are established until eit
40、her the test pressure or test temperature is discontinued. _ Section 6: Test Specimen 6.1 The selection of the test specimen is often restricted by the size and shape of the available material. The geometry, cross-sectional area, and orientation of the test specimen can affect the results and must b
41、e noted. 6.2 Standard Test Specimen 6.2.1 The standard test specimen shall be an O-ring with 37.5 0.38 mm inside diameter (ID) by 5.33 0.13 mm width (1.48 0.015 in ID by 0.210 0.005 in width). This corresponds to a standard SAE(2)AS 5685-325 O-ring. 6.3 For materials that cannot be tested in O-ring
42、form, the test specimen shall be of sheet form with a thickness of 2.0 0.2 mm (0.079 0.008 in). 6.3.1 Sheet specimens used to measure change in mass and volume shall be 25 mm by 50 mm by 2.0 0.1 mm (1.0 in by 2.0 in by 0.079 0.004 in). 6.3.2 Sheet specimens used to measure change in tensile strength
43、, ultimate elongation, modulus, and hardness shall be prepared from flat 2.0 0.2 mm (0.079 0.008 in) thick sheet using Die C in accordance with ASTM D412.66.3.3 Compression set specimens shall be cylindrical disks 12.5 0.5 mm (0.492 0.02 in) thick and 29.0 0.5 mm (1.14 0.02 in) in diameter. The disk
44、s may be direct molded, plied from disks cut from vulcanized sheets, or taken from actual parts. _ Section 7: Test Equipment 7.1 Test Vessels 7.1.1 Many types of test vessels or chambers are acceptable for the exposure of elastomers to H2S environments. Consequently, the discussion in this section i
45、s intended to emphasize the features of this equipment that are necessary for safe and reliable tests. 7.1.2 Test vessels shall be capable of being purged to remove oxygen before the test is initiated and retain the pressurized test environment for the test exposure period. 7.1.3 The size of the tes
46、t vessel shall be such that the ratio of the test vessel volume to the total test specimen volume shall be greater than 25 to 1. This requirement is intended to standardize the rate of consumption of the various constituents in the test environment. 7.1.4 One important consideration in testing is th
47、e interaction of the test environment with the materials used in the construction of the test vessel. 7.1.4.1 The test vessel shall be resistant to the test environment, the test specimens, and potential test specimen decomposition products. Construction materials that will minimize corrosion that tends to consume the constit
