1、INTERDISCIPLINARYAPPROACH TOw _ r t r r _ THE LUBRICATION OF ,2ONCENTRATED CONTACTSr?_!I- li; b-_lll_iProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-N7
2、1-26826NASA SP-237_-II-A-I-A-A-li-A_INTERDISCIPLINARYAPPROACH TOTHE LUBRICATION OFCONCENTRATED CONTACTSProceedings of a NASA-sponsored symposium heldJuly 15-17, 1969, in Troy, New YorkEdited by P. M. KuSouthwest Research InstituteF. r C _ F: F, ScientiSt and Technical lnIormation DivisionOFFICE OF T
3、ECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 1970NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION_PR0_I_ED_ . _ Washington, D.C.;NATIONAL TECHNICAL!INFORMATION SERVICEU.5. DCPARVMENT OF COMMERC SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161-lilii_-i_k_-L-, “1_ y F Lr IT :+-_+|+11l “1 I I/“ii “i +l I _1+I_-+-1- +l +,v+Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo
4、 reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-8g-d_-A-A-dg-A-A-A-A E E I_ For Sale by the Superintenata, t U.S. Government Prinrin_, nm_- _, , Price $2.50 (paper cover)Libr_wj o/ C_mgrr_s Cdtalog C,_d Nm_ 70-606643 20402Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking
5、permitted without license from IHS-,-,-I-I_-i-A_i-A-A-A -aj_I-_IIgING P_x_xE BLANK NOr F_ForewordHESE PROCEEDINGS ARE the record of some very lively discussions onthe topic “Interdisciplinary Approach to the Lubrication of Concen-trated Contacts-A NASA Symposium“ held July 15-17, 1969 atRensselaer P
6、olytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. It is hoped the printedpages will be a considerable contribution in this field, even though theprinted word cannot truly reflect the interest and enthusiasm shown atthe symposium. The NASA objectives, in presenting this symposium asa part of a series of interdis
7、ciplinary symposia, are to enkindle interest ofthose presently outside the field in the various problems within this field.Such problems include, among others for example, lubrication, wear,fretting, surface damage and fatigue. A complete understanding of thebasic mechanisms involved in such phenome
8、na can always profit fromdifferent points of view on the various phenomena. It is here that theinterdisciplinary approach may be so useful toward finding ultimate solu-tions. Different points of view are not only welcome, they are solicited.Most certainly, a multidisciplinar3 approach cannot help bu
9、t illuminatesome of the mysteries with which we are plagued at present.EDMOND E. BISSoN, Ass deChief,Fluid System Componem_ DivisionNASA Lewis Research Centerz jlr g f-II_ tl “ TI/1/ :Precedingpageblank:Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,
10、-i-i-A-4k-A-A-A-4kSteering CommitteeP. M. Ku, Southwest Research Institute (Chairman)G. S. Ansell, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteE. E. Bisson, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationK. E. Demorest, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationG. C. Deutsch, National Aeronautics and Space Adm
11、inistrationD. G. Flom, General Electric CompanyE. E. Klaus, Pennsylyania State UniversityM. C. Shaw, Carnegie-Mellon UniversityR. P. Shevchenko, Pratt and Whitney Aircraft._ r_. II. !I K tr wiiVm w nS“ll 11 l I I II “I :l i _(1| _i !_ :_iProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking per
12、mitted without license from IHS-,-,-Preface 1iN AN EFFORT to further the advances in the complex and multidisci-plinary subject of lubrication, the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration (NASA) inaugurated in 1967 an interdisciplinary lubri-cation symposium series. The first meeting of the ser
13、ies, held in San An-tonio, Texas, on November 28-30, 1967, was devoted to a critical ap-praisal of-the level of understanding and the needed research in the areaof sliding friction and wear under unlubricated and boundary-lubrica-tion conditions.* The second meeting, held in Cleveland, Ohio, on No-v
14、ember 19-21, 1968, again emphasized unlubricated and boundary-lubri-cated sliding friction and wear but attempted to focus attention on someselected theoretical and practical problems by discussing in small work-ing groups their implications and possible methods of attack.*Having thus provided for a
15、n examination of sliding friction and wearunder unlubricated and boundary-lubrication conditions in considerablebreadth and depth, the Steering Committee recommended to NASA inSeptember 1968 that further attention be turned to an evaluation of thecollective understanding and the needed research in t
16、he lubrication ofhighly loaded machine elements in a combined rolling and sliding situation.The recommendation was accepted by NASA and, accordingly, a sym-posium entitled Interdisciplinary Approach to the Lubrication of Con-centrated Contacts was held on thc founds of Rensselaer PolytechnicInstitut
17、e, Troy, New York, on Jul) 15-17, 1969.As in the case of the two previous meetings, this symposium againemployed the technique of dividing the whole area into a number ofrelatively manageable topics, with each topic introduced by an invitedlecture followed by general discussions. Moreover, interdisc
18、iplinary ap-proach was emphasized in the selection of the invited lecturers and oftb, -, rest of the invited participants. Of the 94 persons who accepted theinvitation to participate in thi 3anposium, about 60 percent were lubrica-tion research engineers, 15 pe_ ent were basic scientists, and 25 per
19、centwere design and development engineers.1968.* Bisson, E. E.; and Ku, P. M., eds. : Friction and Wear Interdisciplinary Work-shop. NASA TM X-52748, 1970.V1 I/ ! 1 SProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-vi PREFACETo ensure adequate and mea
20、ningful discussions, the lectures were pre-printed and mailed to each preregistered participant 1 month prior tothe meeting. During the meeting each topic was allotted an equal divisionof time between the lecture and the discussions.The invited lectures were all over 6 months in preparation. After r
21、e-view by the Steering Committee and appropriate revisions by the lec-turers, 14 of the 16 lectures were issued as preprints. The two lecturesnot available for preprinting were “The Structure of Solids“ by H. G. F.Wilsdorf (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia) and “Effectof Materials-M
22、aterials Science Viewpoint“ by S. Eisner (Norton Com-pany, Troy, New York). Professor Wilsdorf and Mr. Eisner presentedtheir respective lectures orally at the meeting; both of which were wellreceived. Regrettably their lectures are still not available for publication.For various reasons, three of th
23、e lecturers were unable to be presentat the meeting to deliver their lectures in person. They were D. Dowson(The University of Leeds, Leeds, England), whose lecture “Elastohydro-dynamic Lubrication“ was given by A. Dyson (Shell Research Limited,Thornton Research Center, Chester, England); H. Blok, w
24、hose lecture“The Postulate about the Constancy of Scoring Temperature“ was givenby P. M. Ku (Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas); andH. Eyring (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah), whose lecture“The Structure of Liquids“ was given by K. Liang (Eastman KodakCompany, Rochester, New
25、 York). However, as in the other cases, writtendiscussions on these lectures were submitted to the respective lecturersafter the meeting, and the closures were written by the lecturers.It should be mentioned here that the discussions that actually tookplace during the three-day symposium were very l
26、ively and provocative.All participants were requested to submit in writing their discussions orcomments on any of the lectures for publication and for the lecturersrebuttal. Unfortunately, in spite of the lively discussions at the meeting,not many written discussions were received. Accordingly, the
27、discussionspublished herein represent only a fraction of those worthy of record.i should like to acknowledge here my personal indebtedness to themembers of the Steering Committee for their guidance in the planningof the program, for their review of the invited lectures, and for theirassistance that
28、contributed toward the success of the symposium.On behalf of the Steering Committee, I should like to thank the Rens-selaer Polytechnic Institute for hosting this symposium. Above all, to alllecturers and discussors without whose active support the symposiumcould not possibly have come into being, o
29、ur sincere thanks are due.P. M. KuSan Antonio, TexasMarch 1, 1970Wrr U U “- “L“ “1 SII l I :I I ?Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Contents !I IILUBRICATION OF CONCENTRATED CONTACTS-THE PRACTICAL PROBLEM by B. W.1Kelley ELASTOHYDRODYNAM
30、IC LUBRICATION by D. Dowson . 27MICROSLIP AND CREEP IN CONTACTS by H. Porltsky . 771THE POSTULATE ABOUT THE CONSTANCY OF SCORING TEMPERATURE by Harmen BIok. 153THE STRUCTURE OF LIQUIDS by H. Eyrtng and M. S. Jhon 249THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF LUBRICANTS by H. Naylor 279THE MECHANISM OF CONTACT FATI
31、GUE by W. E. Littmann . 309EFFECT OF MATERIALS-GENERAL BACKGROUND by E. V. Zaretsky and W. J. Anderson 379,EFFECT OF MATERIALS-METALLURGY VIEWPOINT by E. N. Bamberger 409EFFECT OF LUBRICANTS-GENERAL BACKGROUND by J. K. Appeldoorn ADSORPTION AND SURFACE ENERGETICS by A. J. Hallner CHEMISTRY IN CONCEN
32、TRATED-CONJUNCTION LUBRICATION by R. S. Feln 485 ,BEARING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS by F. W. Weilons and T.A. Harris 529,GEAR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS by W. Coleman . 551 .439/463viiI_ E t 1! 1_ _ “-iiii i/I/li 1“-I“Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from I
33、HS-,-,-ill,Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-I-A-A-A-m-A-AwA_Lubrication of Concentrated Contacts-The PracticalProblem - - _ 1_ , l IIB. W. KELLEYCaterpillar Tractor CompanyPeoria, Illinois_riThe manufacturer of machines that depend on
34、the reliable performance ofheavily loaded concentrated contacts such as those occurring on gears,bearings, and cams is faced with the development of practical design criteriafor predicting the onset of the many potential modes of failure. Almost allof these modes are significantly affected by the ma
35、terial and the lubricantrheology and chemistry. This paper summarizes the plight of the manufac-turer and designer in extracting useful information from this multidiscipli-nary field and attempting to focus attention on those complex problemsthat have not yet yielded, in any quantitative sense, to r
36、esearch.ECOGNITION OF CONCENtRATe-CONTACT PROBLEMS probably occurrednot long after the first application of gears by Aristotle about 384B.C. (ref. 1). Rolling-element bearings appeared much later and, whileseeming to be a direct plagiarism from Leonardo da Vinci a full two cen-turies before (ref. 2)
37、, a gentleman by the name of Jacob Rowe, Esq., ap-plied for a patent in 1734 (fig. 1) wherein he defined the advantages ofsuch bearings (ref. 3). Rowe stated that with the adoption of suchbearings to. “wheel carriages, one Horse now will do the labourOf two, and, i will suppose that there will be oc
38、casion to em-ploy only twenty thousand Horses. instead of the 40,000 existingin the United Kingdom, at an annual savings of 1,095,000 pounds peryear.“ Insofar as the writer has been unable to find historical evidenceof such sudden prosperity following that statement, it must be assumedthat either pr
39、oblems associated with concentrated contact were uncov-ered, or it was found that just as nmch cost was absorbed by a horse thatwas not working as for one that was.Since that time the rolling element bearing, the gear, and the cam andtappet have yielded to experimental development to a state highlys
40、atisfying to the customer. However, as a result of future requirements,todays research engineer or scientist employed by an aggressive industrialmanufacturer is faced with two basic problems that frequently drive histr I/ - - : Iiili i/ R 1/ .m m immm m mlflfFirlfProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo repr
41、oduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2 LUBRICATION OF CONCENTRATED CONTACTSFIGURE 1.-First use of rolling-element contact to reduce axle friction.more academic colleagues back to the universities. The first is the coil:tinual need to develop or conceive well-defined anJ:prac
42、tical designcriteria for such machine elements, and the second is to Span the in-creasing chasm between the findings of basic research and application.One finds in the fields of structures, mechanisms, comPonent dynamics,and others a reasonably straight-forward approach for the direction thatenginee
43、ring analysis should take and from which research can be con-ducted in an orderly or logical manner. This is rarely so with the lubrica-tion of concentrated contactsWhile one cannot argue with the state of mathematical eleganceachieved in the principles of thick-film lubrication, these solutions gen
44、-erally do not fulfill the requirements of the designer by providing himwith an engineering definition of failure. He must fall back frequently on _ “ _ the tribological judgment of “experts.“ The reason, of course, lies in thestaggering multidisciplinary aspects of such problems. One cannot over-lo
45、ok the chemistry, metallurgy, thermodynamics, stress analysis, orphysics of the problem of lubricated machine elements and expect toreach a logical solution to even the simplest problem This same com-plexity leads to great difficulty in the design of meaningful dynamicexperiments, and the lack of a
46、multidisciplinary approach frequentlycauses the researcher to misinterpret or overlook implications presentin his own data. :The importance of the lubricated concentrated contact is brought intofocus by exploring the elements of a modern power transmitting machine.Figure 2 shows a powershift transmi
47、ssion for an earthmoving vehicle;r,LProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-THE PRACTICAL PROBLEM 3=;!_-_ _ 1_ ,_ FIOURE 2.-Power shift transmission for earthmoving vehicle.lm imm m m m -Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or network
48、ing permitted without license from IHS-,-,-LUBRICATION OF CONCENTRATED CONTACTSfigure 3 shows a final drive train to the rotors of a large helicopter (ref. 4).Both of these machines contain literally hundreds of lubricated concen-trated contacts in sliding and rolling. Both are expected to operate with-out failure for thousands of hours at full horsepower. Bulk oil temperaturesand component
