1、INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHTO LIQUID LUBRICANTTECHNOLOGY(NASA-SP-318) / INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHTO LIQUID LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGY (NASA)pltlF $1.5; SOD HC $4.35 CSCL 11HProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA SP-318NTERDISCIPLINARY APPROAC
2、HTO LIQUID LUBRICANTTECHNOLOGYProceedings of a NASA-sponsored symposium heldJanuary 11-13, 1972, in Cleveland, OhioEdited by P. M. KuSouthwest Research InstitutePilCES SUBJKT TO CHMGIScientific and Technical Information Office 1973NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION. - Washington, D.C.REPR
3、ODUCED BYNATIONAL TECHNICALINFORMATION SERVICEU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCESPRINGHllD, VA. 22161Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402$4.35 (P
4、aper Cover), Stock Number 3300-00505Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-600380IProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMEDForewordT-IHESE PROCEEDINGS, as well as the proceedings from previous symposia,J- are
5、 the result of a program attempting to combine an interdisciplinarysubject with interdisciplinary lecturers and audience. The objective ofsuch a combination was to apply a new approach to the solution of unre-solved problems in the fields of lubrication, wear, surface damage, fretting,and fatigue. T
6、he publication of the proceedings of these symposia has pro-vided extremely useful reference material for all those with an interest inthese problems, whatever may have stimulated such interest. Before theprogram can be considered a success, however, one must study the results.For example, have the
7、basic scientists applied their specialized knowledgeand skills to the problems? In general, the present answer to this questionappears to be in the negative. Perhaps, however, the basic scientists havebeen motivated to start work along these lines. Time is required tojudge the continued interest and
8、 fruitfulness of such efforts.Since motivation is all important in determining effort in any particulararea, one must study the motivating factors. These factors (requirements)include (1) an abiding interest in the problem, possibly from an intriguingpresentation; (2) a reasonably favorable prognosi
9、s for success in applica-tion of ones research efforts in this area; and (3) financial support for suchwork. With the three symposia presented to date, it is believed the first ofthese requirements has been successfully accomplished. The second andthird requirements have, however, apparently not bee
10、n met to such an ex-tent that many basic scientists have shifted their labors to the new field.Perhaps time will show that some have, in fact, picked up the new workand are making progress toward successful accomplishment of some of thetasks. Until such time, We can only state that intriguing proble
11、ms havebeen brought to light for the scientific community to see.EDMOND E. BISSON, Associate Chief, Fluid System Components Division,NASA Lewis Research CentermProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Steering CommitteeP. M. Ku, Southwest Rese
12、arch Institute (Chairman)G. S. Ansell, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteE. E. Bisson, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationK. E. Demorest, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationG. C. Deutsch, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationD. G. Flom, General Electric Co.E. E. Klaus, Penn
13、sylvania State UniversityM. C. Shaw, Carnegie-Mellon UniversityR. P. Shevchenko, Pratt 3from Canada; 2 each from France and the Netherlands; and 1 each fromIsrael, Italy, Norway, and West Germany, representing a total of 22 per-cent international participation. There were 11 invited lectures, 4 of w
14、hichwere given by British specialists, who accounted for a 36-percent inter-national participation. These lectures, along with 60 discussions, whichinclude an international participation of 45 percent, as well as the lec-turers closures, are published herein.The NASA interdisciplinary lubrication co
15、nferences were organizedunder the guidance of a Steering Committee, which has attempted toevaluate the contributions of each meeting held and make recommenda-tions to NASA regarding the desirability of any followup meetings. TheCommittee held a meeting at the end of this last symposium, at which the
16、1 Ku, P. M., ed.: Interdisciplinary Approach to Friction and Wear. NASA SP-181,1968, 486 pp.3 Bisson, E. E.; and Ku, P. M., eds.: Friction and Wear Interdisciplinary Workshop.NASA TMX-52748, 1970, 86 pp.3Ku, P. M., ed.: Interdisciplinary Approach to the Lubrication of ConcentratedContacts. NASA SP-2
17、37, 1970, 589 pp.Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PREFACE VIImajority of the members, based upon their own personal reactions as wellas their contacts with the conference participants and others, expressedsatisfaction with the concept
18、of bringing high-caliber multidisciplinarytalents together for periodic, coordinated deliberations on some facets oflubrication not adequately provided for by other types of meetings. It wasalso felt that the proceedings of these conferences have been of excellentquality and have become valuable ref
19、erences not just for the experiencedscientists and engineers, but particularly for the less experienced who de-sire authoritative guidance in both breadth and depth. As to the desira-bility of additional meetings, it was felt that a dialog had started, and timeshould be allowed for the dialog to be
20、transformed into action before takingfurther steps. Accordingly, specific recommendation regarding a meetingfor the immediate future was deferred.Speaking as one who has been largely responsible for the conduct of theNASA interdisciplinary lubrication series since its inception, my own feel-ings hav
21、e been somewhat mixed. Taken as a whole, I believe these meet-ings have provided an effective forum for lubrication scientists and engi-neers and systems design and development engineers to meet and discussmany problems of mutual interest. However, they have not succeeded inbringing about a genuine
22、dialog with basic scientists. Perhaps the achieve-ment of such a dialog must take time, and the long-range impact of theventure cannot be measured by short-term accomplishments. Neverthe-less, one cannot but feel that some other technique might have producedbetter results. In any case, it appears to
23、 me that if this conference seriesshould be reactivated in the future, a change in orientation and organiza-tion is desirable.In thus concluding the NASA interdisciplinary lubrication conferenceseries, I should like to record my personal indebtedness to the members ofthe Steering Committee, who have
24、 helped in a very substantial way inplanning the conferences and in reviewing the invited lectures.This conference series was started in 1967 at the request of G. C.Deutsch, Director of Materials and Structures Division, Office of Aero-nautics and Space Technology, NASA Headquarters. Over the years,
25、 it hasreceived constant support from E. E. Bisson, Associate Chief, Fluid Sys-tem Components Division, NASA Lewis Research Center. A great deal ofthe burden of reviewing the invited lectures has been assumed by the staffof the Lewis Research Center, whose reputation in lubrication research iswidely
26、 recognized. To these and other NASA personnel who have renderedvaluable assistance hi the past 6 years, I offer my sincere thanks.It is clear that the most important ingredient of any technical conferenceis the participants, whose interest and support are absolutely crucial. Iwould therefore like t
27、o thank, on behalf of the Steering Committee, all thelecturers and discussers of this and the previous conferences for theirProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-VIII PREFACEgenerous gifts of time and energies. Their sharing of knowledge wi
28、th othersand their thoughts on what remains to be learned are in essence timeless.These proceedings constitute a tangible record of their contributions.P. M. KuSan Antonio, Tex.SEPTEMBER 1, 1972Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Contents
29、LIQUID LUBRICANTSFUNCTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS by A. R. Lonidown 1MINERAL OILS by N. W. Forby 57SYNTHETIC OILS by R. E. HaHon 101GREASES by P. R. McCarthy - 137THEORY OF RHEOLOGY by J. F. Hutton l87RHEOLOGY IN LUBRICATION by H. S. Cheng 263MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS IN LUBRICATIONby A. Cameron and C.
30、 R. Gentle - 315ENVIRONMENTAL CAPABILITY OF LIQUID LUBRICANTS by A. Beerbewer 365ADDITIVES by C. V. Smalheer - 433ROLE OF ADSORPTION IN LIQUID LUBRICATION by A. J. Grotxek. - 477WEARCORROSION AND EROSION by C. N. Rowe - 527IXProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted withou
31、t license from IHS-,-,-Liquid LubricantsFunctions andRequirementsA. R. LANSDOWNSwansea Tribology CentreUniversity College of SwanseaSwansea, Great BritainThis is a, broad review of the present state of liquid lubricant technology.It considers the limits of present knowledge, especially in the bounda
32、ryregime, and some of the factors, such as colloid behavior, viscoelastic effects,and relaxation times, whose contributions have not yet been fully assessed.Some specific applications problems and some of the lubricant requirementsthat have not yet been met are also discussed.npHE PURPOSE OF THIS LE
33、CTURE is to set out in very general terms whatJ- liquid lubricants are for and what their requirements are for industrialand aerospace applications. There is very little I can say that will not besaid better and in much more detail in the specialist lectures which are tofollow.As hi most fields of t
34、echnology, the greatest expertise tends to reside inthe suppliers rather than the users. In many areas this is no problem be-cause, for example, the user of a plant rarely needs to do the stressing orfatigue calculations. But the users of lubrication include plant designersand others who do need to
35、understand lubrication technology. Unfortu-nately their knowledge is often not adequate, and there is a wide gap inunderstanding between the experts and the general industrial engineers.The main object of the British tribology campaign in recent years, and oforganizations such as ours, has been to b
36、ridge this gap, but there is nodoubt that it is still one of the most important practical problems inlubrication.Like all attempts to isolate particular areas of technology, the restric-tion of this symposium to liquid lubricants is a necessary but artificial one.Liquid lubricant technology has no m
37、eaning except in association withother factors such as wear, compatibility, sealing, and ultimately thewhole of machine design. So while we restrict our discussion primarily toProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2 LIQUID LUBRICANT TECHNOL
38、OGYliquid lubricants, we should keep continuously in mind the environment inwhich they have to operate.PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF A LUBRICANTThe primary function of a liquid lubricant is, of course, to lubricate, thatis, to reduce friction and wear, but even this simple and conventional state-ment merits
39、some analysis. In fact, very often what we want to avoid isneither friction nor wear, but seizure and/or structural failure. We wouldbe prepared to put up with considerable friction and wear if we could besure that nothing more catastrophic would occur. Liquid lubricants,properly used, reduce the te
40、ndency to seizure and structural failure. Itmay be of secondary importance that they do so by reducing friction. Thesecond point is that it is not always necessary to reduce both friction andwear. Rather, we may wish to reduce wear but not friction, as in lubricatedclutches, or friction but not wear
41、, as in some grinding and polishingoperations.Liquid lubricants are a nuisance and will only be used as long as the im-provement they produce is sufficient to offset their disadvantages. TJn-lubricated metals tend to gall and score in sliding, and wood usually wearsrapidly and exhibits uneven fricti
42、on. Traditional materials of constructionusually benefited from the use of liquid or semiliquid lubricants, and so itbecame normal to use them. Even so, a desire to get rid of liquid lubricantsis no new development. Bowden and Tabor (ref. 1) quote a clockmaker in1717 who introduced lignum vitae roll
43、er pinions “which move so freely asnever to need any Oyl.“In the past 30 years, a vast range of new structural and coating mate-rials that are capable of operating without liquid lubricants has appeared,and the use of liquid lubricants is no longer the only way of reducingseizure, friction, and wear
44、. Detailed consideration of dry or solid lubricantsis outside the scope of this conference, but it is important when consideringliquid lubricants not to consider them in isolation and to bear in mind thatthey are in competition with other materials and techniques.But if all liquid lubricants are a n
45、uisance, some are more of a nuisancethan others, and we should also bear in mind that their use will be mark-edly affected by handling and supply difficulties, as well as by theirfunctional behavior.It would probably be true to say that in the majority of applications theprime function of the lubric
46、ant is to minimize both friction and wear at theinterface between surfaces in relative motion. It performs this function byinterposing a distinct phase between the interacting surfaces. The proper-ties of this phase determine the behavior of the lubricant, and therefore itssuitability for the specif
47、ic application.This is, to my mind, an important concept if we are to define accuratelythe functions and requirements of lubricants. It is the properties of theProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-LIQUID LUBBICANTSFUNCTIONS AND REQUIREMENT
48、S 3intermediate phase as it exists in operation between the interacting sur-faces that are important. The properties of the lubricant in the can are onlyimportant insofar as they can be correlated with the properties in theoperating bearing.There are two classes of interphase, and the considerations that apply tothem are quite distinct. The simplest class includes those cases in whichthe interphase is a continuous fluid film that carries the whole of the bear-ing load. The film is not broken by any solid-solid contact between theseparated machine elements. In other words, there is full fluid
