1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 154 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Being fat is bad for you.【B1】_that, almost everyone agrees. It is just possible,【B2】_, that almost everyone is wrong. In fact, get
2、ting fat may be a mechanism that【B3 】_the body. The health problems【B4】_with fatness may not be caused by it but be another【B5】_, another symptom, of overeating.That is the【B6】_of Roger Unger and Philip Scherer. Dr. Unger and Dr. Scherer have been reviewing the science of what has come to be known a
3、s metabolic syndrome. This is a cluster of symptoms such as high blood【B7】_, insulin resistance and fatness that seem to increase the【B8】_of heart disease and strokes, diabetes and liver disease. “Syndrome“ is the medical term for a(n) 【B9】 _of symptoms whose common cause is not【B10】_understood. The
4、 symptom of metabolic syndrome that appears first is usually【B11】_, so this is generally【B12】_as the underlying cause.Dr. Unger and Dr. Scherer,【B13】_, turn this logic on its head. They point out that there is usually a period of many years between a person becoming【B14】_and his developing the other
5、【B15】_. If the growth of adipose tissue(the body cells in which fat is stored)were【B16】_harmful, that would not be the【B17】_. This is one of the lines of evidence that has led them to the conclusion that,【B18 】 _its role in storing energy as a hedge against future famine, getting fat is a protective
6、 mechanism【B19】_metabolic syndrome.Their thesis is that lipids(the group of molecules that includes fats), which are needed in small amounts to make cell membranes, are toxic in larger quantities.【B20】_them into adipose tissue is one of the bodys ways of dealing with that toxicity.1 【B1 】（A）In（B） At
7、（C） With（D）On2 【B2 】（A）thus（B） though（C） hence（D）unless3 【B3 】（A）damages（B） protects（C） induces（D）guides4 【B4 】（A）associated（B） unconcerned（C） caused（D）involved5 【B5 】（A）origin（B） factor（C） account（D）consequence6 【B6 】（A）proposal（B） invention（C） masterpiece（D）utterance7 【B7 】（A）suppression（B） tensio
8、n（C） pressure（D）circulation8 【B8 】（A）risk（B） consequence（C） severity（D）prevalence9 【B9 】（A）integration（B） distribution（C） collection（D）inclination10 【B10 】（A）properly（B） credibly（C） academically（D）artificially11 【B11 】（A）injury（B） obesity（C） famine（D）misery12 【B12 】（A）reconciled（B） charged（C） overca
9、me（D）regarded13 【B13 】（A）as a result（B） first of all（C） however（D）therefore14 【B14 】（A）abnormal（B） slender（C） overweight（D）negligible15 【B15 】（A）symptoms（B） matters（C） resistances（D）agonies16 【B16 】（A）directly（B） genuinely（C） continuously（D）concisely17 【B17 】（A）reason（B） result（C） cause（D）case18 【B1
10、8 】（A）less than（B） as far as（C） in addition to（D）with respect to19 【B19 】（A）beyond（B） against（C） for（D）to20 【B20 】（A）Disposing（B） Tossing（C） Absorbing（D）OccupyingPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Two of the m
11、ost common rumors about immigrant families are that they dont really want to become American and that theyre a drag on the rest of us. But a fascinating new Pew report gives lie to both fears. In the process, it reminds us why immigration matters.The study shows first of all that Americanization is
12、proceeding as inevitably now as during previous great waves of migration. Yes, todays immigrants are Hispanic and Asian rather than European. But that has not made a difference. Todays 20 million adult sons and daughters of immigrants have learned English, advanced economically, and intermarried far
13、 more than their parents did and no more slowly than the Italians or Irish or Poles did a century ago. Nearly six in tenalmost double the percentage of their parentsconsider themselves “typical Americans.“As for whether immigrant families are a drag on society, the facts are clear. Second-generation
14、 Americansthe children of immigrantsare not just doing better than their parents. Their educational attainment and income are actually above the national average. They are contributors. If anything, as other research has shown, it is America that can be harmful to immigrant families: obesity and cri
15、minality increase from the first to the second generation. So the question should not be how to keep newcomers from diluting America but how to keep America from diluting the newcomers. This presents a challenge to both native-born Americans and todays immigrants.The Pew report notes that Americans
16、who are of foreign birth or parentage, so-called “immigrant stock,“ will constitute a record 37% of the population by 2050. This frightens many white Americans to the core, especially those who are older and live in communities only recently touched by immigration. But for todays “immigrant stock,“
17、this moment creates an opportunity. Immigrants of earlier centuries proved that every kind of European could become simply white; todays immigrants prove that every kind of human can become simply American. But this means encouraging them to strive not only for their own families but also for the na
18、tion, through service and civic participation.We should bear in mind that whether we are native-born or newcomer, our task now, then, is to apply an immigrants ingenuity, optimism, and perseverance to the systematic expansion of opportunity in America. To do that, as history shows and recent studies
19、 confirm, itll help to have more immigrants around.21 The new Pew report has found that（A）the two rumors about immigration are untrue.（B） the immigration matters should be addressed.（C） Hispanic and Asian immigration does not help America.（D）Almost all immigrants have a strong sense of belonging.22
20、We can learn from paragraph 3 that immigrant families（A）do not slow down but speed up American progress.（B） are better off than natives in education and income.（C） are diluting America as a united and coherent society.（D）pose a potential challenge to the American society.23 Many white Americans are
21、frightened to core because（A）the number of immigrants will exceed that of American natives by 2050.（B） immigrants will account for a large part of the population by 2050.（C） immigrants will populate the USA, including those remote communities.（D）the young immigrants will increase obesity and crimina
22、lity in America.24 It is indicated in the last two paragraphs that（A）immigration is more a challenge than an opportunity.（B） immigration can be harnessed to serve the nation.（C） immigrants can hardly be assimilated into America.（D）the more immigrants America takes in, the better.25 Regarding the imm
23、igration into America, the authors attitude is（A）doubtful.（B） indifferent.（C） pessimistic.（D）supportive.25 The dawn of the oil age was fairly recent. Although the stuff was used to waterproof boats in the Middle East 6,000 years ago, extracting it in earnest began only in 1859 after an oil strike in
24、 Pennsylvania. It was used to make kerosene, the main fuel for artificial lighting after overfishing led to a shortage of whale blubber. Other liquids produced in the refining process, too unstable or smoky for lamplight, were burned or dumped. But the unwanted petrol and diesel did not go to waste
25、for long, thanks to the development of the internal-combustion engine a few years later.Since then demand for oil has, with a couple of blips in the 1970s and 1980s, risen steadily alongside ever-increasing travel by car, plane and ship. Three-fifths of it ends up in fuel tanks. With billions of Chi
26、nese and Indians growing richer and itching to get behind the wheel of a car, the big oil companies, the International Energy Agency(IEA)and Americas Energy Information Administration all predict that demand will keep on rising.We believe that they are wrong, and that oil is close to a peak. This is
27、 not the “peak oil“ widely discussed several years ago, when several theorists, who have since gone strangely quiet, reckoned that supply would flatten and then fall. We believe that demand, not supply, could decline. In the rich world oil demand has already peaked: it has fallen since 2005. Even al
28、lowing for all those new drivers in Beijing and Delhi, two revolutions in technology will dampen the worlds thirst for the black stuff.The first revolution was led by a man from Texas who has just died. George Mitchell championed “tracking“ as a way to release huge supplies of “unconventional“ gas f
29、rom shale(a smooth soft rock)beds. This, along with vast new discoveries of conventional gas, has recently helped increase the worlds reserves from 50 to 200 years. The other great change is in automotive technology. Rapid advances in engine and vehicle design also threaten oils dominance. Foremost
30、is the efficiency of the internal-combustion engine itself. Petrol and diesel engines are becoming ever more frugal.Not surprisingly, the oil “supermajors“ and the IEA disagree. They point out that most of the emerging world has a long way to go before it owns as many cars, or drives as many miles p
31、er head, as America. But it would be foolish to predict from the rich worlds past to booming Asias future. The sorts of environmental policies that are reducing the thirst for fuel in Europe and America by imposing ever-tougher fuel-efficiency standards on vehicles are also being adopted in the emer
32、ging economies.26 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that（A）oil was first discovered and used in the Middle East.（B） the oil age is short-lived and has already come to its end.（C） the shortage of kerosene led to the use of petrol and diesel.（D）the oil age is largely attributed to technologi
33、cal developments.27 The word “blip“(Line 1, Para. 2)most probably means（A）boom.（B） slump.（C） increase.（D）fluctuation.28 Which of the following statements is true, according to paragraph 3 and 4?（A）Demand for oil is close to a peak with supplies increased.（B） The oil demand in the world has already p
34、eaked until 2005.（C） New energy has broken the dominance of conventional gas.（D）Demand for oil is limited while supply of oil is unlimited.29 According to the last paragraph, the oil “supermajors“ believe that（A）the emerging world needs more vehicles.（B） the future of oil is bright in the emerging w
35、orld.（C） the demand for oil is the strongest in Asia.（D）the thirst for fuel is impossible to be reduced.30 An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be（A）Dawn of the Oil Age.（B） Oil: A Fit of Peak.（C） Oil: Yesterdays Fuel.（D）The Future of Oil.30 Brothers and sisters fight, but when the bic
36、kering evolves into physical or emotional abuse, its bullying. Ordinary arguments over toys and who gets the front seat are one thing, but a recent study from researchers at the University of New Hampshire reports that aggression between siblings can escalate into bullying, and that young victims ca
37、n be harmed in the same way as those who are threatened by peers on the playground.In fact, the study authors say, being bullied by a brother or sister was linked to worse mental-health outcomes for kids and adolescents, similar to those associated with being bullied by unrelated kids in the schooly
38、ard.The new study, published in the journal Pediatrics, involved thousands of children and adolescents throughout the U.S. and found that those who were physically assaulted, had their toys stolen or broken or endured emotional abuse that made them feel frightened or unwanted by their sibling had hi
39、gher levels of depression, anger and anxiety than those without these experiences.In order to study any differences between the effects of sibling bullying and those of being threatened by an unrelated bully, the researchers compared the effects of aggressive behaviors, such as physical violence, br
40、eaking or taking toys or belongings, and abuse, like name-calling or mocking, originating from siblings with those coming from childrens unrelated peers. They concluded that as far as mental-health effects are concerned, the relationship that the victims had with their bullies didnt seem to matter.
41、The findings showed that sibling bullying had the same association with increased anxiety, depression and trauma as peer aggression.Thats an eye-opening result since most parentsnot to mention the publichave a higher tolerance for fighting and even threatening behavior among siblings than they do fo
42、r other social relationships. Sibling fighting is often dismissed, seen as something thats normal or harmless. Some parents even think its beneficial, as training for dealing with conflict and aggression in other relationships.But when does that normal quarreling evolve into something more? Parents
43、may unknowingly play a role in escalating some sibling fighting into abuse, John V. Caffaro, a clinical psychologist and co-author of Sibling Abuse Trauma, told the New York Times. If parents allow children to continuously fight and confront each other in aggressive ways without intervening, or if t
44、hey play favorites and label children as “the smart one“ or the “the quiet one,“ that may lead to more unhealthy competitiveness between siblings that develops into abuse. Caffaro said that since violence between siblings is one of the most common types of familial violence, aggression with the inte
45、nt to physical hurt or humiliate a brother or sister should be taken seriously, and quashed.31 The word “bickering“(line 1, Para. 1)most probably means（A）beating.（B） hitting.（C） fighting.（D）bullying.32 The new study published in Pediatrics shows that（A）thousands of children and adolescents in the US
46、 are bullied yearly.（B） the outcome of being bullied by siblings is worse than that by peers.（C） kids bullied by their siblings are more depressed than those who not.（D）being bullied by siblings is exactly the same as being bullied by others.33 After comparing the effects, the researchers found that
47、（A）sibling bullying is as detrimental as peer aggression.（B） sibling bullying is actually not a matter to worry about.（C） sibling bullying is more harmful than peer aggression.（D）sibling bullying is closely related to peer aggression.34 According to the text, some parents actually（A）are more toleran
48、t than the public for sibling fighting.（B） regard bullying in the family as something harmful.（C） think that bullying can help their children in a way.（D）are fond of playing favorites and labeling children.35 Which of the following would Caffaro most probably agree with?（A）Parents are responsible fo
49、r most bullying in the family.（B） Sibling bullying is more than common in US families.（C） Parents should consciously encourage sibling fighting.（D）Sibling bullying needs proper intervention from parents.35 Transatlantic friction between companies and regulators has grown as Europes data guardians have become more assertive. Francesca Bignami, a professor at George Washington Universitys law school, says that the explosion of digital technologies has mad
