1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 212 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Behind closed doors in the Bavarian town of Ansbach a new factory is taking shape. 【C1】 _ it will use robots and 【C2】_ production
2、techniques such as additive manufacturing (known as 3D printing) is not surprising for Germany, which has maintained its manufacturing base 【C3】_ innovative engineering. 【C4】 _ is unique about this factory is that it will not be making cars, aircraft or electronics 【C5】_ trainers and other sports sh
3、oesan $80bn-a-year industry that has been 【C6】_ largely to China, Indonesia and Vietnam. 【C7】_ bringing production home, this factory is out to reinvent an industry.The Speedfactory, as the Ansbach plant is called, belongs to Adidas, a giant German sports-goods firm, and is being built with Oechsler
4、 Motion, a local firm 【C8】_ makes manufacturing equipment. Production is 【C9】 _ to begin in mid-2017, slowly at first and then 【C10 】_ to 500,000 pairs of trainers a year. Adidas is 【C11 】_ a second Speedfactory near Adanta for the American market. 【C12 】_ all goes well, they will spring up elsewher
5、e, too.The numbers are 【C13 】_ for a company that makes some 300m pairs of sports shoes each year. Yet Adidas is 【C14】_ the Speedfactory will help it to transform the way trainers are created. The techniques it 【C15】_ from the project can then be rolled out to other new factories 【C16】_ to existing
6、ones, including in Asia 【C17】_ demand for sports and casual wear is rising along with consumer wealth.Currently, trainers are made mostly by hand in giant factories, often in Asian countries, with people 【C18】_ components or shaping, bonding and sewing materials. Rising prosperity in the region mean
7、s the cost of manual work outsourced to the region is rising. Labour shortages 【C19】_ . Certain jobs require craft skills which are becoming rarer; many people now have the wherewithal to avoid tasks that can be dirty or 【C20】_.1 【C1 】（A）Which（B） When（C） Where（D）That2 【C2 】（A）novel（B） obsolete（C） po
8、werful（D）usual3 【C3 】（A）on（B） through（C） in（D）with4 【C4 】（A）That（B） This（C） What（D）Which5 【C5 】（A）nor（B） but（C） or（D）until6 【C6 】（A）onshored（B） inshored（C） offshored（D）inlanded7 【C7 】（A）By（B） In（C） For（D）After8 【C8 】（A）who（B） that（C） where（D）what9 【C9 】（A）able（B） due（C） sure（D）bound10 【C10 】（A）rampi
9、ng up（B） spreading around（C） raising up（D）bringing down11 【C11 】（A）constructing（B） constituting（C） facilitating（D）organizing12 【C12 】（A）Though（B） Because（C） Since（D）If13 【C13 】（A）confusing（B） vague（C） tiny（D）appalling14 【C14 】（A）confirmed（B） convinced（C） agreed（D）determined15 【C15 】（A）sets up（B） pic
10、ks up（C） builds up（D）gives up16 【C16 】（A）as well as（B） in addition（C） as regard（D）because of17 【C17 】（A）where（B） which（C） who（D）that18 【C18 】（A）assembling（B） accumulating（C） implementing（D）distributing19 【C19 】（A）vanish（B） decline（C） loom（D）overcome20 【C20 】（A）impetuous（B） spontaneous（C） pleasant（D）
11、monotonousPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Visiting Disney World without your children is risky. What if they find out? Your happy home will become an inferno of tantrums and broken crockery. Nonetheless, ga
12、mbling that five-year-olds do not read The Economist closely, your correspondent went to Orlando, strictly for research, on a warm day in January.The park is overwhelming. The queue for the “Pirates of the Caribbean“ ride is nearly an hour long, according to the helpful warning sign at the entrance.
13、 The yowl of the Yeti echoes from the newly completed Mount Everest. The crowds throng as densely as pilgrims in Mecca, only they do it all year round and in brighter shirts. People seem to like the place.Walt Disney could have built his biggest theme park anywhere. He chose Florida. The weather is
14、balmy, and when it gets too hot there are lots of pools to cool off in, says Meg Crofton, Walt Dis ney Worlds CEO. Florida also offers plenty of space to expand. Disney World, which was first carved out of wild woodland in 1971, has swollen to four parks covering 40 square miles (104 sq km) and empl
15、oying 60,000 “cast members“. Contrary to the stereotype of rapid churn in the serv ice sector, the average full-time employee sticks around for nine years.Floridas business climate is sunny, too. The Milken Institute, a think-tank in California, compiles an index of “best-performing cities“ in Ameri
16、ca, a composite measure of such things as job creation, wage growth and whether businesses are thriving. In the most recent index, six of the top ten metropolitan areas are in Florida. (Orlando-Kissimmee is sixth.) And 18 of the top 30 are in the South.For a long time the Souths weather got in the w
17、ay of its development. Richard Pillsbury, a ge ography professor at Georgia State University, describes traditional life in the lowland South, a re gion stretching from northern Virginia down to the Gulf coast of Texas: “Smallish hardscrabble farms almost lost in the white heat of a sweltering summe
18、r sun as the owners and their help fought swarms of mosquitoes to plant, cultivate and harvest the meagre cotton crop for market.“Then came air-conditioning. As it spread after the second world war, the South became suddenly more comfortable to live and work in. From the 1940s until the 1980s the re
19、gion boomed. In his book “Old South, New South“, Gavin Wright lists four reasons why. Federal defence spending stimulated growth. Sunshine attracted skilled professionals. The South, having developed so little in the past, was a “clean slate“, without strong labour unions, entrenched bureaucracies,
20、restrictive laws or outdated machinery. Lastly, given how much catching up the South had to do, the potential returns were higher than in the north.Southerners have prospered in part by playing to their traditional strengths. The fame of southern hospitality has bolstered the regions hotel chains, s
21、uch as Holiday Inn. That of southern cuisine helps local restaurants, such as Waffle House, Cracker Barrel and KFC. Arkansas-based Wal-Mart, the worlds largest retailer, has kept costs low by refusing to recognise unions. And Coca-Cola owes at least some of its success to its southern origins.21 In
22、contrast to Disney World, one of the characters in the service sector is that _.（A）most of the staff are full-time（B） most of the staff are part-time（C） workers are reluctant to be employed in a company for long（D）most companies run smoothly less than nine years22 When mentioning “the Souths weather
23、 got in the way of its development“ (Line 1, Para. 5) , the author is talking about _.（A）the reason why Walt Disney chose Florida（B） the reason why air-conditioning spread in the South（C） the Souths weather obstructed the progress of development（D）the key factor to the success of the South23 In “Old
24、 South, New South“, Gavin Wright believes that _.（A）the more investment, the more returns in the South（B） labour unions get in the way of development of the North（C） more experts came to the South because of its climate（D）the legal environment plays a part in the development of the South24 Which of
25、the following best defines the Word “bolster“ (Line 2, Para. 7)?（A）To flourish.（B） To reinforce.（C） To cushion.（D）To blossom.25 The passage intends to express the idea that _.（A）the reason why Walt Disney chose Florida（B） the reason why the South is a great place to work in（C） the history of the dev
26、elopment of the South（D）the reason why the South is superior to the North25 The decision of the American Medical Association (AMA) to classify obesity as a disease is great news for the pharmaceutical industry, as it is likely to increase pressure on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to approve
27、 more weight-loss drugs and increase the odds that insurance companies will reimburse their cost. But it is deeply misleading. Treating obesity as a disease implies that moving into the category of obesity, which for adults means moving from a body-mass index (BMI) of 29 to a BMI of 30, is equivalen
28、t to contracting a disease. But that is simply not the case.Yes, there are certain health risks associated with having an elevated BMI, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. More broadly, a higher BMI is associated with a greater risk of cardiometa-bolic abnormalities. Nonetheless, almost one q
29、uarter of “normal weight“ people also have metabolic abnormalities, and more than half of “overweight“ and almost one third of “obese“ people have normal profiles, according to a 2008 study. Thats 16 million normal-weight Americans who have metabolic abnormalities and 20 million obese (or 56 million
30、 overweight and obese) Americans who have no such abnormalities.One explanation for this discrepancy is that physical fitness and/or nutritionrather than weight per semay be what really matters. Several studies have shown that physically fit “obese“ individuals have lower incidence of heart disease
31、and mortality from all causes than do sedentary people of “normal“ weight. A recent clinical trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that adopting a Mediterranean diet reduced cardiovascular risk independent of weight loss.Some assume that the problem lies with BMI as a measure
32、, which does not distinguish between fat, muscle and bone. While BMI is indeed a flawed measure, it is not clear that there are better ones. A 2009 study also found no systematic differences between BMI and other variables. In other words, it is not just that BMI is a poor measure of obesity but tha
33、t obesity is a poor predictor of health.Some hope that designating obesity as a disease will remove the stigma associated with it, and obese people will no longer be blamed for their condition. Yet already it is being called the “fork to mouth“ disease, and the disease categorization may reinforce b
34、lame by raising the stakes. If obesity is a disease, parents of fat children may not merely be silently judged as bad parents but also accused of neglect and child endangerment.If the AMAs goal is to address the serious diseases of type 2 diabetes and heart disease, it would be more productive and a
35、ccurate for the association to urge doctors to focus on cardiometabolic risk, recognizing that there are both metabolically healthy and metabolically unhealthy individuals in all categories of weight. Rather than promote weight loss per se, doctors should instead encourage their patients of all size
36、s to incorporate physical activity and a balanced diet into their lives.26 According to the passage, which of the following is a possible consequence of classifying obesity as a disease?（A）It will help enhance the publics health in the long run.（B） FDA will probably approve more medicines for weight
37、 loss.（C） More insurers will be trapped in financial crisis for covering weight-loss treatment.（D）It will help improve research and treatment for type 2 diabetes and heart disease.27 According to the passage, who of the following is most likely to suffer from heart disease?（A）Normal weight people wh
38、o are physically fit.（B） Obese people who are physically active and healthy.（C） Normal people who have a sedentary lifestyle.（D）Normal people who have a Mediterranean diet.28 According to the passage, what can be learned about BMI?（A）The BMI calculation doesnt take age into account.（B） There will be
39、 better tools to measure ones health than BMI.（C） It can identify the exact amount of fat, muscle and bone in ones body respectively.（D）It cannot be regarded as a reliable indicator of ones health.29 According to the passage, if obesity is a disease, _.（A）obese kids will be obliged to have it treate
40、d by taking drugs（B） people will not hold stereotyped opinions about obese people（C） it will remove obese people from personal responsibility（D）parents will be charged if their children are overweight30 What is the authors attitude towards AMAs decision to recognize obesity as a disease?（A）Critical.
41、（B） Suspicious.（C） Pessimistic.（D）Optimistic.30 There is, writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rotten in the state of scientific research“an epidemic of false, biased, and falsified findings“ where “only the most egregious cases of misconduct are discovered and punished.“ Fa
42、nelli is a leading thinker in an increasingly alarming field of scientific research: one that seeks to find out why it is that so much scientific research turns out to be wrong.For a long time the focus has either been on industry funding as a source of bias, particularly in drug research, or on tho
43、se who deliberately commit fraud, such as the spectacular case of Diederik Sta-pel, a Dutch social psychologist who was found to have fabricated at least 55 research papers over 20 years. But an increasing number of studies have shown that flawed research is a much wider phenomenon, especially in th
44、e biomedical sciences. Indeed, the investigation into Stapel also blamed a “sloppy“ research culture that often ignored inconvenient data and misunderstood important statistical methods.“Theres little question that the scientific literature is awash(充斥着) in false findingsfindings that if you try to
45、replicate youll probably never succeed or at least find them to be different from what was initially said,“ says Fanelli, “But people dont appreciate that this is not because scientists are manipulating these results, consciously or unconsciously; its largely because we have a system that favors sta
46、tistical flukes instead of replicable findings.“This is why, he says, we need to extend the idea of academic misconduct (currently limited to fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism) to “distorted reporting“the failure to communicate all the information someone would need to validate your findings
47、. Right now, he says, were missing all the “ unconscious biases, the systemic biases. the practices, mistakes, and problems that hardly ever count as cheating , even though they have a very important and probably the largest effect on creating technically false results in the literature.“One particu
48、larly challenging bias is that academic journals tend to publish only positive results. As Isabelle Boutron, a professor of epidemiology at Ren Descartes University in Paris, points out, studies have shown that peer reviewers are influenced by trial results; one study showed that they not only favor
49、ed a paper showing a positive effect over a near-identical paper showing no effect, they also gave the positive paper higher scores for its scientific methods. And Boutron has herself found extensive evidence of scientists spinning their findings to claim benefits that their actual results didnt quite support.“We need a major cultural change,“ says Fanelli. “But when you think that, even 20 years ago, these issues were practically n
