1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 13 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The spec
2、ific behavior depends on the childs individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender.【F2 】In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce
3、, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount
4、 of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.There is some relationship between age and childrens characteristic reaction to divorce.【F3】As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understa
5、nding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by
6、 shame, anger, and self-reflection.Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit p
7、roblem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problem
8、s may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained?【F4】The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture mo
9、re than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent.【F5】Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than gi
10、rls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 The provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will not be an easy task.【F1】But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sa
11、nction of hungerthe economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisib
12、le hand to do our dirty work for us.I confess that I am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be h
13、orrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. The economic whip of laissez-faire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a
14、 system of “free“ labour deserves respect.【F2】But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serf
15、dom.Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. After all, under the system of laissez-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force.【F3 】It would have
16、been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did that normally happen.【F4】Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrumen
17、t of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any organ of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour
18、 force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field.【F5 】This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 Over the last decade, demand for the most co
19、mmon cosmetic surgery procedures, like breast enlargements and nose jobs, has increased by more than 400 percent. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majority of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to
20、fantastic lengths to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal.“【F1】What we all crave is to look normal, and normal is what is prescribed by the advertising media and other external pressures. They give us a perception of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that.“【F
21、2】In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centres on what age people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imber recommends “maintenance“ work for people in their thirties. “The idea of waiting until one needs a heroic transformat
22、ion is silly,“ he says, “By then, youve wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand.“ Dr. Imber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however. “It seems that someone we dont consider old enough to order a drink shouldnt be considering plastic surgery.“I
23、n the UK cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain of the very rich and famous.【F3 】But the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davies, who claims to “cater for the averag
24、e person“, agrees. He says:“I treat a few of the rich and famous and an awful lot of secretaries. Of course, 3, 000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also an investment for life which costs about half the price of a good family holiday.“【F4】Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophist
25、ication of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anaesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery.【 F5】Yet, as one woman who recently paid 2, 500 for liposuction to remove fat from her thighs admitted, the slope
26、to becoming a cosmetic surgery Veteran is a deceptively gentle one. “I had my legs done because theyd been bugging me for years. But going into the clinic was so low key and effective it whetted my appetite. Now I dont think theres any operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it.“11
27、【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much importance
28、attached to intellectual pursuits.“【F1】According to many books and articles, New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.【F2】To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the
29、 Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the churchimportant subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New world circumstances. Th
30、e New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachuset
31、ts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.【F3】These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmo
32、sphere of intellectual earnestness. We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.【F4 】While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. The
33、ir thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hopeall came together in a decisive moment when h
34、e opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.“ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard
35、in puritan churches.【F5】Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Danes, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. “Our main end was to catch fish.“16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 【F1】Duri
36、ng the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle clas
37、s to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen
38、as well. Todays families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.【F2】 As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setbacka back-up earner(usually Mom)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-wo
39、rker effect“ could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have b
40、een asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.【F3 】Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. F
41、or much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcar
42、e and the share of it borne by families have risenand newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families future healthcare.【F4】Even demographics are working against the mid
43、dle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parentand all the attendant need for physical and financial assistancehave jumped eightfold in just one generation.【F5】From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more fi
44、nancial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】25 The rough guide to m
45、arketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid“ mediasuch as television commercials and print advertisementsstill play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned“ m
46、edia by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned“ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.【F1 】The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketings impact stems from a broad
47、 range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketers paid mediafor instance, wh
48、en an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.【F2】We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with re
49、tailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.【F3】Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.【F4】The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers wit
