1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 13 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Low levels of literacy and numeracy have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adults, according to a survey published yester
2、day, which offers (1)_ of a developing underclass. Tests and (2)_ with hundreds of people born in a week in 1958 graphically illustrated file (3)_ of educational underachievement. The effects can be seen in unemployment, family (4)_, low incomes, depression and social inactivity.Those who left schoo
3、l at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for UP to four years less than good readers (5)_ they reached 37. Professor John Bynner, of City University, who carried the research, said that todays (6)_ teenagers would even encounter greater problems because the supply of (7)_ jobs had shrunk.Alm
4、ost one fifth of the 1,700 people interviewed for yesterdays report had poor literacy and almost half (8)_ with innumeracy, a proportion (9)_ other surveys for the Basic Skills Agency. Some could not read a childs book, and most found difficult (10)_ written instruction.Poor readers were twice as li
5、kely to be a low wage and four times likely to live in a household where partners worked. Women in this (11)_ were five times as likely to be (12)_ depressed, (13)_ both tended to feel they had no control over their lives, and to trust others (14)_.Those who had low literacy and numeracy were seldom
6、 (15)_ in any community organization and less likely than others to (16)_ in a general election. There had been no (17)_ in the literary level of (18)_.Alan Wells, the agencys director, said: “The results emphasize the dangers of developing an underclass people, who were out of work, (19)_ depressed
7、 and often labeled themselves as (20)_. There is a circle of marginalization, with the dice against these people and their families.“（A）proof（B） witness（C） testimony（D）evidence（A）investigations（B） interviews（C） conferences（D）communications（A）defect（B） backwardness（C） handicap（D）scarcity（A）breakdown（
8、B） breakout（C） breakaway（D）breakin（A）the time（B） the instant（C） the moment（D）the point（A）illiterate（B） suffering（C） poor（D）unqualified（A）skilled（B） mental（C） manual（D）mechanical（A）struggled（B） faced（C） encountered（D）confronted（A）in light of（B） in line with（C） in case of（D）in time of（A）translating（B）
9、 complying（C） following（D）obeying（A）post（B） condition（C） status（D）position（A）classified（B） thought（C） believed（D）labeled（A）and（B） while（C） for（D）but（A）more（B） much（C） less（D）little（A）revolved（B） dissolved（C） resolved（D）involved（A）claim（B） join（C） vote（D）win（A）improvement（B） advancement（C） developmen
10、t（D）increase（A）employees（B） interviewees（C） participants（D）researchers（A）hardly（B） seriously（C） increasingly（D）potentially（A）failures（B） winners（C） successors（D）patientsPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)21 The U
11、.S. government has recently helped people learn more about the dangers of earthquakes by publishing a map. This map shows the chances of an earthquake in each part of the country. The areas of the map where earthquakes are most likely to occur are called earth quake “belts“ where government is spend
12、ing a great deal of money and is working hard to help discover the answer to these two questions;1. Can we predict earthquakes?2. Can we control earthquakes?To answer the first question, scientists are looking very closely at the most active fault(断层) systems in the country, such as the San Andreas
13、fault in California. A fault is a. break between two sections of the earths surface. These breaks between sections are the places where earthquakes occur. Scientists look at the faults for changes, which might show that an earthquake was about to occur. But it will probably be many years before we c
14、an predict earthquakes accurately. And the control of earthquakes is even farther away.Nevertheless, there have been some interesting developments in the field of controlling earthquakes. The most interesting development concerns the Rocky Mountain Arsenal earthquakes. Here water was put into a laye
15、r of rocks 4,000 meters below the surface of the ground. Shortly after this injection of water, there were a small number of earthquakes. Scientists have decided that the water which was injected into the rocks worked like oil on each other. When the water “oiled“ the fault, the fault became slipper
16、y and the energy of an earthquake was released. Scientists are still experimenting at the site of these earthquakes. They have realized that there is a connection between the injection of the water and the earthquake activity. They have suggested that it might be possible to use this knowledge to pr
17、event very big, destructive earthquakes, that is, scientists could inject some kind of fluid-like water into faults and change one big earthquake into a number of small, harmless earthquakes.21 Earthquake belts are _.（A）maps that show where earthquakes are likely to occur（B） zones with a high probab
18、ility of earthquakes（C） breaks between two sections of the earths surface（D）the two layers of earth along a fault22 The San Andreas fault is _.（A）an active fault system（B） a place where earthquakes have been predicted accurately（C） a place where earthquakes have been controlled（D）the location of the
19、 Rocky Mountain23 What did scientists learn about earthquakes at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal?（A）They occur at about 4,000 meters below ground level.（B） The injection of water into earthquake faults prevents earthquakes from occurring.（C） They are usually caused by the oil in the faults.（D）Harmful ear
20、thquakes can be possibly prevented by causing small, harmless earthquakes.24 What can be said about the experiments at Rocky Mountain Arsenal?（A）They have no practical value in earthquake prevention.（B） They may have practical value in earthquake prevention.（C） They are certain to have practical val
21、ue in earthquake prevention.（D）The article does not say anything about their practical value in earthquake prevention.25 What is the most appropriate title for the passage?（A）Dangers of Earthquakes.（B） Earthquake Belts and Prediction.（C） Earthquake Prediction and Control.（D）Earthquake Engineering in
22、 California.26 Everyone has heard of the San Andreas Fault, which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earth-quakes. But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri?Between December of 1811 and February of 1812, three major earthquakes occurred, all
23、 centered around the town of New Madrid, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. Property damage was severe.Buildings in the area were almost destroyed. Whole forests fell at once, and huge cracks opened in the ground, allowing smell of sulfur to filter upward.The Mississippi River itself completely cha
24、nged character, developing sudden rapids and whirlpools. Several times it changed its course, and once, according to some observers, it actually appeared to run backwards. Few people were killed in the New Madrid earthquakes, probably simply because few people lived in the area in 1811; but the seve
25、rity of the earth-quakes are shown by the fact that the shock waves rang bells in church towers in Charleston, South Carolina, on the coast. Buildings shook in New York City, and clocks were stopped in Washington D.C. Scientists now know that Americas two major faults are essentially different. The
26、San Andreas is a horizontal boundary between two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions. California earthquakes result when the movement of these two masses suddenly lurches forward.The New Madrid fault, on the other hand, is a vertical fault; at some point, possibly hundred
27、s of millions of years ago, rock was pushed up toward the surface, probably by volcanoes under the surface. Suddenly, the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed, leaving huge cracks. Even now, the rock continues to settle downwards, and sudden sinking motions trigger earthquakes in the region. The
28、fault itself, a large crack in this layer of rock, with dozens of other cracks that split off from it, extends from northeast Arkansas through Missouri and into southern Illinois.Scientists who have studied the New Madrid fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes in the area since 1811; thes
29、e smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming, but rite scientists say they have no method of predicting when a large earthquake will occur.26 This passage is mainly about _.（A）the New Madrid fault in Missouri（B） the San Andreas and the New Madrid faults（C） the causes of faults（D）cu
30、rrent scientific knowledge about faults27 The New Madrid fault is_.（A）a horizontal fault（B） a vertical fault（C） a more serious fault than the San Andreas fault（D）responsible for forming the Mississippi River28 We may conclude from the passage that _.（A）it is probably as dangerous to live in Missouri
31、 as in California（B） the New Madrid fault will eventually develop a mountain range in Missouri（C） California will become an island in future（D）a big earthquake will occur to California soon29 This passage implies that _.（A）horizontal faults are more dangerous than vertical faults（B） vertical faults
32、are more dangerous than horizontal faults（C） earthquakes may occur around fault areas（D）California will break into pieces by an eventual earthquake30 As used in the fifth sentence of the fourth paragraph, the word “essentially“ means _.（A）greatly（B） extremely（C） basically（D）necessarily31 A major rea
33、son most experts today support concepts such as a youth services bureau is that traditional correctional practices fail to rehabilitate many delinquent youth. It has been estimated that as many as 70 percent of all youth who have been institutionalized are involved in new offenses following their re
34、lease. Contemporary correctional institutions are usually isolatedgeographically and sociallyfrom the communities in which most of their inmates live. In addition, rehabilitative programs in the typical training school and reformatory focus on the individual delinquent rather than the environmental
35、conditions which foster delinquency.Finally, many institutions do not play an advocacy role on behalf of those committed to their care. They fail to do anything constructive about the hack-home conditions-family, school, workfaced by the youthful inmates. As a result, too often institutionalization
36、serves as a barrier to the successful return of former inmates to their communities.Perhaps the most serious consequence of sending youth to large, centralized institutions, however, is that too frequently they serve as a training ground for criminal careers. The classic example of the adult offende
37、r who leaves prison more knowledgeable in the ways of crime than when he entered is no less true of the juvenile committed to a correctional facility. The failures of traditional correctional institutions, then, point to the need for the development of a full range of strategies and treatment techni
38、ques as alternatives to incarceration.Most experts today favor the use of small, decentralized correctional programs located in, or close to, communities where the young offender lives. Half-way houses, ail-day probation programs, vocational training and job placement services, remedial education ac
39、tivities, and street working programs are among the community-based alternatives available for working with delinquent and potentially delinquent youth.Over and above all the human factors cited, the case for community-based programs is further strengthened when cost is considered. The most recent f
40、igures show that more $258 million is being spent annually on public institutions for delinquent youth. The average annual operating expenditure for each incarcerated youth is estimated at a little over five thousand dollars, significantly more than the cost of sending a boy or girl to the best priv
41、ate college for the same period of time.The continuing increase in juvenile delinquency rates only serves to heighten the drastic under-financing, the lack of adequately trained staff, and the severe shortage of manpower that characterize virtually every juvenile correction system.31 The content of
42、this selection can best be described as_.（A）narrative（B） satirical（C） expository（D）argumentative32 What is this passage mainly about?（A）As to delinquent youth, decentralized correctional programs are more effective than traditional correctional practices.（B） Correctional institutions are superior to
43、 youth services bureaus in that they centralize delinquent youth.（C） Most delinquent youth are liable to be involved in new offences.（D）The reason why many experts prefer correctional institutions is that they succeed in rehabilitating delinquent youth.33 Which of the following statements is false?（
44、A）Correctional institutions are far away from the communities in which delinquent youths inmates live.（B） Correctional institutions fail to help the young offender to cope with problems after they go back home.（C） Correctional institutions are training ground for criminal careers.（D）The rehabilitati
45、ve programs in correctional institutions focus on environmental factors.34 The word “incarceration“(Paragraph 3) probably means_.（A）imprisonment（B） program（C） offend（D）crime35 What can be inferred from the last paragraph?（A）Drastic under-financing leads to high juvenile delinquency rates.（B） Juvenil
46、e correction system is in urgent need of manpower as well as trained staff.（C） Due to the high pressure and misunderstanding, juvenile delinquency is on the rise.（D）Every juvenile correction system is faced with the same problems.35 It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a f
47、ree trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by Americas Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans
48、 maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit: Levis jeans, just like Gucci
49、 handbags, must be allowed to be expensive. Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brandswhich could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levis case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Lev
