1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 223（无答案）Section C0 As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. Thats partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert more effort, to achieve those goals.Whats far le
2、ss understood by scientists, however, are the potentially harmful effects of goal-setting.Newspapers relay daily accounts of goal-setting prevalent in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street , yet there has been surprisingly little research on how the long-trumpeted pr
3、actice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis , and unethical(不道德的) behavior in general.“Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects. And yet, the same motivation that can push people to exert more effort in a constructive way could also motiv
4、ate people to be more likely to engage in unethical behaviors,“ says Maurice Schweitzer, an associate professor at Penns Wharton School.“It turns out theres no economic benefit to just having a goalyou just get a psychological benefit“ Schweitzer says. “But in many cases, goals have economic rewards
5、 that make them more powerful.“A prime example Schweitzer and his colleagues cite is the 2004 collapse of energy-trading giant Enron, where managers used financial incentives to motivate salesmen to meet specific revenue goals. The problem, Schweitzer says, is the actual trades were not profitable.O
6、ther studies have shown that saddling employees with unrealistic goals can compel them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears imposed a sales quota on its auto repair staff. It prompted employees to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a company
7、wide basis.Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have taken issue with his teams use of such evidence as news accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-pres
8、cribed.In a rebuttal (反驳) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes:“ Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can thrive without goals to provide a sense of purpose. “But Schweitzer contends the “mounting causal e
9、vidence“ linking goal-setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help spotlight issues that merit caution and further investigation. “Even a few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects,“ he says.“Goal-setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My ide
10、a would be to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harm the organization,“ Schweitzer says.1 What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting?（A）Its negative effects
11、have long been neglected.（B） The goal increase peoples work efficiency.（C） Its role has been largely underestimated.（D）The goals most people set are unrealistic.2 What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?（A）Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into succ
12、ess.（B） Businesses are less likely to succeed without setting realistic goals.（C） Financial incentives ensure companies meet specific revenue goals.（D）Goals with financial rewards have strong motivational power.3 How did Sears goal-setting affect its employees?（A）They were obliged to work more hours
13、 to increase their sales.（B） They competed with one another to attract more customers.（C） They resorted to unethical practice to meet their sales quota.（D）They improved their customer service on a companywide basis.4 What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzers research?（A）Its findings are
14、 not of much practical value.（B） It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.（C） Its conclusion is not based on solid scientific evidence.（D）It runs counter to the existing literature on the subject.5 What is Schweitzers contention against Edwin Locke?（A）The link between goal-setting and harmful
15、 behavior deserves further study.（B） Goal-setting has become too deep-rooted in corporate culture.（C） The positive effects of goal-setting outweigh its negative effects.（D）Studying goal-setting can throw more light on successful business practices.5 For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself wh
16、at it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What can the Wests overly indebted and sluggish (经济滞长的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia?Just a few decades ago, Asias two giants were stagnating (停滞不前) under faulty economic ideologies. However, once China b
17、egan embracing free-market reforms in the 1980s, followed by India in the 1990s, both countries achieved rapid growth. Crucially, as they opened up their markets, they balanced market economy with sensible government direction. As the Indian economist Amartya Sen has wisely said, “The invisible hand
18、 of the market has often relied heavily on the visible hand of government“.Contrast this middle path with America and Europe, which have each gone ideologically over-board in their own ways. Since the 1980s, America has been increasingly clinging to the ideology of uncontrolled free markets and dism
19、issing the role of governmentfollowing Ronald Regans idea that “government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. “ Of course, when the markets came crashing down in 2007, it was decisive government intervention that saved the day. Despite this fact, many Americans are still
20、strongly opposed to “ big government“.If Americans could only free themselves from their antigovernment doctrine, they would begin to see that the Americas problems are not insoluble. A few sensible federal measures could put the country back on the right path. A simple consumption tax of, say, 5% w
21、ould significantly reduce the countrys huge government deficit without damaging productivity. A small gasoline tax would help free America from its dependence on oil imports and create incentives for green energy development. In the same way, a significant reduction of wasteful agricultural subsidie
22、s could also lower the deficit. But in order to take advantage of these common-sense solutions, Americans will have to put aside their own attachment to the idea of smaller government and less regulation. American politicians will have to develop the courage to follow what is taught in all American
23、public-policy schools; that there are good taxes and bad taxes. Asian countries have embraced this wisdom, and have built sound long-term fiscal (财政的) policies as a result.Meanwhile, Europe has fallen prey to a different ideological trap: the belief that European governments would always have infini
24、te resources and could continue borrowing as if there were no tomorrow. Unlike the Americans, who felt that the markets knew best, the Europeans failed to anticipate how the markets would react to their endless borrowing. Today, the European Union is creating a $ 580 billion fund to ward off soverei
25、gn collapse. This will buy the EU time, but it will not solve the blocs larger problem.6 What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India?（A）Copying western-style economic behavior.（B） Heavy reliance on the hand of government.（C） Timely reform of government at all levels.（D）Free
26、market plus government intervention.7 What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem“ (Line 5, Para. 3) ?（A）Many social evils are caused by wrong government policies.（B） Many social problems arise from governments inefficiency.（C） Government action is key to solving economic probl
27、ems.（D）Government regulation hinders economic development.8 What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?（A）Self-regulatory repair mechanisms of the free market.（B） Cooperation between the government and businesses.（C） Abandonment of big government by the public.（D）Effective measures ad
28、opted by the government.9 What is the authors suggestion to the American public in face of the public government deficit?（A）They urge the government to revise its existing public policies.（B） They develop green energy to avoid dependence on oil import.（C） They give up the idea of smaller government
29、and less regulation.（D）They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.10 Whats the problem with the European Union?（A）Conservative ideology.（B） Shrinking market.（C） Lack of resources.（D）Excessive borrowing.10 Whats the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a
30、 recent college graduate? China? India? Brazil? How about trade?When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $ 50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $ 200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculat
31、ion of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.But theres another way of looking at the trade data. Over the past two years, the figures on imports and exports seem not to signa
32、l a double-dip recessiona renewed decline in the broad level of economic activity in the United Statesbut an economic expansion.The rising volume of trademore goods and services shuttling in and out of the United Stateis good news for many sectors. Companies engaged in shipping, trucking, rail freig
33、ht, delivery, and logistics(物流) have all been reporting better than expected results. The rising numbers signify growing vitality in foreign marketswhen we import more stuff, it puts more cash in the hands of people around the world, and U. S. exports are rising because more foreigners have the abil
34、ity to buy the things we produce and market. The rising tide of trade is also good news for people who work in trade-sensitive businesses, especially those that produce commodities for which global demand sets the priceagricultural goods, mining, metals, oil.And while exports always seem to lag, U.
35、S. companies are becoming more involved in the global economy with each passing month. General Motors sells as many cars in China as in America each month. While that may not do much for imports, it does help GMs balance sheetand hence makes the jobs of U. S. -based executives more stable.One great
36、challenge for the U. S. economy is slack domestic consumer demand. Americans are paying down debt, saving more, and spending more carefully. Thats to be expected, given what weve been through. But theres a bigger challenge. Can U. S. -based businesses, large and small, figure out how to get a piece
37、of growing global demand? Unless you want to pick up and move to India, or Brazil, or China, the best way to do that is through trade. It may seem obvious, but its no longer enough simply to do business with our friends and neighbors here at home.Companies and individuals who dont have a strategy to
38、 export more, or to get more involved in foreign markets, or to play a role in global trade, are shutting themselves out of the lions share of economic opportunity in our world.11 How do pessimists interpret the U. S. trade deficit in June?（A）It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.（B
39、） It reflects Americans preference for imported goods.（C） It signifies a change in American economic structure.（D）It is the result of Americas growing focus on domestic market.12 What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?（A）It indicates that economic activities in the U. S.
40、 have increased.（B） It reflects the fluctuations in the international market.（C） It shows that U. S. economy is slipping further into recession.（D）It signals decreasing domestic demand for goods and services.13 Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?（A）People who have expertise in
41、international trade.（B） Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.（C） Consumers who favor imported goods and services.（D）Retailers dealing in foreign goods and services.14 What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?（A）Decreasing productivity.（B） Peoples reluctance to spend.（C）
42、 Competition from overseas.（D）Slack trade activities.15 What is the authors advice to U. S. companies and individuals?（A）To import more cheap goods from developing countries.（B） To be alert to fluctuations in foreign markets.（C） To increase their market share overseas.（D）To move their companies to w
43、here labor is cheaper.15 A recurring criticism of the U. K.s university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.Recently, the U. K. National Stem Cell Network warned the U. K. could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unle
44、ss adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system.However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative da
45、ta on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, U. S. A. and U. K. shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the U. K. now leads on many indicators of commercialisation activity.When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past
46、decade have helped transform the performance of U. K. universities. Evidence suggests the U. K. s position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows tha
47、t a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders.This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the U. K. and is mirrored across other economies. In the U. K. , research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities re
48、ceive 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and license income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities whi
49、ch are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialisation work creates differences between universities.The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximise the impact of their research efforts. These universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise in order to build greater confidence in the sector.Part of the economic recovery of the U. K
