1、1第四讲 词义猜测题一、题型解读词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解题中一种常见的题型。通过对近几年江苏高考英语阅读理解题的分析统计可以看出，词义猜测题一般有 12 题。常见的考查方式有：考点 1 猜测词义题考点 2 猜测短语题考点 3 猜测指代题词义猜测题考点 4 猜测句意题二、设问方式词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义，常见的命题形式有：The underlined word in the second paragraph means “_”.Whi
2、ch of the following words is the closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?The underlined word “hunch” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “_”.What does the phrase “knock off” in Paragraph 1 mean?The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “_”.The word “it” in the la
3、st sentence refers to “_”.三、常见生词类型在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石” ，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1.旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义，如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course，where the nations most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过 course 的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course 是2汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 course 在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2
4、.合成词、转化词与派生词，如 shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect 等；3.“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4.“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景；5.超纲生词。 猜 测 词 义 题典例 (2017全国卷阅读 C)Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States，
5、but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada，where there were fewer humans around.29.What does the underlined word “displaced” in Paragr-aph 2 mean?A.Tested. B.
6、Separated.C.Forced out. D.Tracked down.答案 C 词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。【技巧点拨】如何解决词义猜测题？1.根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语(同位语前常有 or，similarly，that is to say，in other words，namely，or rather，say 等)或同位语从句来定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号中的内容加以解释，理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。2.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事
7、物或两种现象的对比性描述，我们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有：unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构有：while 引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词语主要有：similarly，like，just 3as，also，as well as 等。3.通过构词法猜测词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分，词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。(1)不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；(2)不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。猜 测 短 语 题典例 (2017江苏高
8、考阅读 B)Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule_the_roost.As recently reported in The Auk： Ornithological Advances，some mother bi
9、rds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New-born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “_”.A.be the worst B.be the bestC.be just as bad D.be just as good答案 B 本段一开始提到婴儿在辨别母亲的声音方面能力非常强，然后用了一个转折
10、连词“But” ，说明其后的内容“鸟类在胎教方面”应该是做得最好。故选 B。【技巧点拨】如何解决猜测短语题？猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它的意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。猜 测 指 代 题典例 (2017全国卷阅读 C)Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO(United Nati
11、ons Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.4Despite the celebrations，though，in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the mu
12、sic has failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz，Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz，make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture.29.What does the underlined word “that” in Parag
13、raph 3 refer to?A.Jazz becoming more accessible.B.The production of jazz growing faster.C.Jazz being less popular with the young.D.The jazz audience becoming larger.答案 C 代词指代题。根据前文 Despite the celebrations，though，in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has faile
14、d to connect with younger generations 可知尽管 UNESCO 为爵士乐设了纪念日，但美国的爵士乐听众依然在减少，并且年龄在老化，爵士乐没能将年轻一代人连接起来。再结合 Its Jason Morans job to help change that(是 Jason Moran 的工作帮助改变那一情况)可推测 that 指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。故选 C。【技巧点拨】如何解决猜测指代题？此类题目应注意代词指代的总原则代词通常指代上文已提到的内容。代词指代要注意在数、格、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，代词所指代的名
15、词通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代词指代所在段落或前面段落的整体意思，问题才能迎刃而解。猜 测 句 意 题典例 (2017江苏高考阅读 D)When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process.We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.This is why，in part at least
16、，the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There_is_no_one-size_fits_all_adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that 5offer much and carry little risk or cost.65.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies_.A.adaptation is an ever-changing processB.the cost of adaptation varies with tim
17、eC.global warming affects adaptation formsD.adaptation to climate change is challenging答案 A 根据上文中的“We are therefore.but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.”可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分表示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。本题采取的是重述的方法。故选A。【技巧点拨】如何解决猜测句意题？此类题目通常需要猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子，或是格言、谚语等，做题时只要通过阅读文章，
18、对原句进行语法和词义上的准确分析，并和答案选项做一番比较，不难找出正确选项。一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用了其他的英语词汇表述而已。题组一 应用文A(2018全国卷)Washington, D.C.Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.Duration：3 hoursThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washin
19、gton，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear!Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour6Duration：3 hours (4 miles)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most po
20、pular monuments in Washington,D.C.Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop.Guided tour includes bike, helmet，cookies and bottled water.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.Duration：3 hoursMorning or Afternoon, this bike
21、tour is the perfect tour for D.C.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington，D.C.in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks.Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线) mak
22、e cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle TourDuration：3 hours (7 miles)Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington,D.C.Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the Nat
23、ional Mall.Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history.Tour includes bike，helmet，and bottled water.All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.【语篇解读】 本文主要介绍了在华盛顿特区骑自行车观光的四条路线、参观的主要景点和从事的活动。1.Which tour do you need to book in advance?A.Ch
24、erry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.答案 A 细节理解题。根据第一条旅行路线介绍的最后一句“Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear”可知，选择第一条旅行路线需要提前预订。72.Wh
25、at will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?A.Meet famous people.B.Go to a national park.C.Visit well-known museums.D.Enjoy interesting stories.答案 D 细节理解题。根据第三条旅行路线介绍中的“Knowledgeable guides.memorials，and parks”可知，选择这条旅行路线的游客可以在观光过程中听导游讲故事。3.Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night prov
26、ide?A.City maps. B.Cameras.C.Meals. D.Safety lights.答案 D 细节理解题。第四条旅行路线是夜间游览，根据该段介绍的最后一句“All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights”可知，该路线为夜间骑车观光的游客提供反光背心和安全灯。B(2018苏北四市高三第一次调研)The Chocolate MuseumThe story of chocolate through the ages Experience chocolate-making from cocoa bean
27、 to chocolate bar Enjoy the smell，taste and texture of freshly made chocolateOpening hoursTuesFri 10 am to 6 pmSat I wasnt there.DC Lyle insists，and in doing so mentions that he has my email address，and that he tried to see me at my office yesterday (I wasnt in).What? Somebody gave the police my off
28、ice address，email address and phone number.Who? Feeling invaded and annoyed，I tell DC Lyle he could come at 10 a.m.the next day.I put the phone down，and only_then_the_penny_dropped.I was a suspect.I must know.Who was the person who put my name forward? They obviously know me，but not well enough to c
29、all me first and let me know they were going to report me to the police.Or perhaps they do know me well and have it in for me.Thats for another day.I frantically search for the video footage of the incident online.The images are grainy.Squint (眯眼看) the eyes and even I can see some resemblance.I look
30、 at the Pushers jogging gear.Not premium，I might be OK.Hes got fat calves.Result.Mine are sculpted (my best feature).The Pushers got obvious 24moobs.Oh dear.I carry some permanent holiday weight，I admit it.All it would take is a bored jury and a half-decent prosecution barrister，and none of this wou
31、ld be beyond reasonable doubt.I need evidence proving my innocence，so I fire up the iCal to see what my movements were on 5 May.There is nothing in the diary.This is not going well.After a fitful night I wake early.9：45 a.m.arrives.The door buzzer goes.Its DC Lyle and his sidekick.Of course theyre e
32、arly，sneaky bastards.Look relaxed，Joel.Keep yourself together.DC Lyle and DC Sidekick show me their badges.I show them how extremely nice and friendly I am.Once installed on my sofa (I didnt offer tea) they hit me with itI am indeed a suspect.“Someone put you forward as the person that did this，and
33、were here to investigate whether you did.Where were you on the morning of 5 May between the hours of 7：30 and 8：00 a.m.？”I have nothing.I live alone，work from home most days，no diary events，no witnesses as to my whereabouts.Sweats.“Wait， ” I say.“Almost every morning of the working week I go to Pret
34、 A Manger to have a coffee at or about the time of incident.” But did I that day? Even if I did，what if it was a day when they gave me a coffee on the house as they often did，me being a regular n all.There might not be credit card records.More sweats.I get the computer.American Express login.Search
35、for May 2017 expense calendar(消费明细).Double click.Get in: 5 May 2017Pret A Manger，1.95.Im in the clear.DC Lyle peers over my shoulder at the screen.Hes satisfied Im not the Putney Pusher.The Pret evidence is helpful，but he also says Im taller than the real Pusher.Skinnier，too.I tell him thats because
36、 Ive been jogging a lot recently.1.Why did DC Lyle call “me” and insist on a meet?A.Police thought “I” was the Putney Pusher.B.The woman charged me with the incident.C.Someone reported me to the police station.D.“I” accidentally knew who the suspect was.25答案 A 细节理解题。最后根据第一段句 3 和第六段最后一句可知，DC 怀疑“我”就是P
37、usher，符合 A。2.The underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 means _.A.money was wasted on answering the phone callB.money should be paid to get rid of my suspicionC.something serious would follow for days to comeD.something puzzling wasnt understood until then答案 D 句意理解题。 “the penny dropped”的意思是“终于明白了” ，D 选项
38、便指一些困惑的事情到那时候终于被理解了，符合句意。故选 D。3.The sentence “I have to clear my name，and reclaim ownership of my identity.” should be placed at the end of _.A.Para.2 B.Para.3C.Para.4 D.Para.6答案 B 推理判断题。该句句意“我得洗清我的罪名，重新证明我身份的清白” ，文章第二段和第三段正好是电话挂了的前后衔接，前文是“我”被怀疑，后文是我开始想办法知道陷害我的人和真正的 Pusher 是谁，故应放在这两段中间，选 B。 4.What “
39、I” found of the incident indicates that _.A.“I” wouldnt be suspected without putting on holiday weightB.“I” am exactly the man who the police have been hunting forC.it is reasonable for DC Lyle to arrest “me” to finish his jobD.it is unfavorable for “me” not to have a habit of writing diaries答案 B 细节
40、理解题。根据第四、五段及第六段最后一句“I am indeed a suspect”，我发现录像中的人确实跟“我”很相似，明白了警察电话的来由，故选 B。5.What can we learn from “my” meeting with DC Lyle?A.Being extremely friendly makes me more suspicious.B.The expense calendar provides relief to my suspicion.C.DC Lyle doesnt assume I am the Pusher in advance.D.Recent joggi
41、ng is a key to my tall and skinny feature.答案 B 推理判断题。第九段最后一句和第十段句首，消费明细证明我是清白的，符合B 选项“provide relief to my suspicion” 。故选 B。266.What is the best title for the passage?A.A false alarm B.The Pusher at largeC.My identity crisis D.Careless policemen答案 C 主旨大意题。文章讲述的内容是我被怀疑，然后心里一系列紧张活动，以及证明我的清白的过程，符合 C。C
42、是我的身份危机，故选 C。B(2018高考押题卷)LONDONHillary Clinton got closer than any American woman to the nations top job，but her loss this week has thrown a spotlight back onto the question: Why has the United States lagged behind so many countries around the world in choosing a female leader?Tiny Sri Lanka became
43、the first to shatter the political gender barrier more than a half-century ago，back when that island nation was known as Ceylon.Its giant neighbor，India，followed a few years later.Since then women have attained top leadership postspresident，prime minister or its equivalentin more than 70 countries i
44、n Europe，Latin America and the Asia-Pacific.Today women run two of Europes most powerful nations，Angela Merkel in Germany and Theresa May in Britain.So why not the United States?Historians have offered a range of reasons.Many of the earlier womens pathways were eased because their husbands or father
45、s were autocratic or charismatic leaders first.Some were chosen via parliamentary deal-making，not direct elections.Others were initially tapped as temporary leaders.Some scholars theorize that European democracies may view women as more suited to high political office because their governments are k
46、nown for generous social-welfare programs，something that seems maternal.In contrast，the president of the United States is primarily seen as commander in chief，which is a frame more difficult for women to fit into.“America is still seen as the policeman of the world，the guardian of the world，and we s
47、till have a very gendered version of what leadership means， ” said Laura A.Liswood，secretary-general of the United Nations Foundations Council of Women World Leaders，a network of current and former female prime 27ministers and presidents.“Not only do we have to be liked，we also have to be tough.”Sue
48、 Thomas， a senior research scientist at the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation in Santa Cruz，California，said that unlike political leadership posts elsewhere，the U.S.presidency “is seen as a very masculine(男性) institution that for historical reasons is extremely hard for a female to appro
49、ach.”Gender was never far from the surface in the protracted presidential campaign，but experts cautioned against seeing the election as merely a referendum(公民投票权) on the idea of a female president.“Its hard to build a generalization about women candidates based on Hillary Clinton， ” said Timothy Garton Ash，professor of European studies at Oxford University.“She is such a special case and unique figure，havi
