1、- MIL-HDBK-277 37 W 9777770 0037024 3 m e-/% d/ - IMETRICI MIL-HDBK-297 (SH) 28 December 1987 - MI LI TARY HANDBOOK INTRODUCTION TO WEAPON EFFECTS FOR SHIPS (METRIC) AMSC N/A FSC 1990 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT D Distribution authorized to DoD and DoD contractors only; critical technology, 31 December 1
2、986. Other requests for this docu- ment shall be referred to COMNAVSEASYSCOM (SEA 09B2) Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-L ii I - 4 MIL-HDBK-277 17 7qqq77O 0039025 5 MIL-HDBK-297 (SH) 28 December 1987 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL SEA S
3、YSTEilS COMMAND Washington, DC 20362-5101 Introduction to Weapon Effects for Ships. (Metric) a 1. This standardization handbook was developed by the Naval Sea Systems 3 Command, Department of the Navy in accordance with established procedure 2. This publication was approved on 28 December 1987, for
4、printing and inclusion in the military standardization handbook series. 3. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command, SEA 5523, Department of the Navy,
5、 Washington, DC 20362-5101 by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-277 17 7777770 0039026 7
6、PIIL-HDER-297 (SH) 28 December 1987 D I - d FOREWORD .x I. One aspect of ship design %hat has a significant impact on the operational effectiveness of shipboard weapdns systems is the extent to which survivability factors are included in the design phases, and subsequently considered through- out th
7、e life-cycle of the ship. Combat survivability must be treated as a design issue no different from other performance characteristics (for example, mobility, maneuverability, seakeeping, stability and control, structural integrity, .and so forth) which collectively determine the configuration of a Na
8、val combatant. The capability of a Naval ship to survive nuclear and non-nuclear weapon (damage) effects depends on the accuracy with which the threat is defined and the deliberateness with which combat survivability, as a design and evaluation discipline, is implemented to meet the threat. Each mis
9、sion essential space, system and component of a ship must receive dedicated survivability considerations to ensure that an integrated combat entity of the highest survivability is achieved at acceptable levels f cost and performance. Significant advances in the survivability technologies and evaluat
10、ion methodologies have been made which provide the potential to efficiently achieve this for existing and future ships. Since a particular passive protection concept may be useful in hardening a system or component against one or more weapon effects, it is necessary that all threat weapon effects be
11、 investigated. Factors which must be considered are possb1.e synergistic couplings where combined weapon effects may produce significant increases in ship damage. To realize the balanced survivability design of a Naval ship, therefore, the need exists for the systematic categorization of environment
12、al severity levels for both nuclear and non-nuclear weapons. Equally crucial is the meaningful characterization of controlling design-threat parameters (for example, blast overpressure, fragment kinetic energy, shock velocity, thermal fluence, EMP flux, and so forth) c which enter the design equatio
13、ns as additional load factors. iii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-. MIL-HDBK-247 34 7447970 0034027 4-h WIL-HDBK-297 (SH) 28 December 1987 CONTENTS Page Paragraph 1 . 1.1 1. 2 2 . 3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3,1.3 3,1.4 3.1.5 3.1. 6 3.1.7 3.1
14、,8 3.1.9 3.1.10 3,1.11 3.1.12 3.1.13 3.1.14 3.1.15 3.1.16 3.1.17 3.1 . 18 3.1.19 3.1.20 3.1.21 3.1.22 3.1.23 3.1.24 3.1.25 3.1.26 3.1.27 3.1.28 3.1.29 3.1.30 3.1. 31 3.1.32 3.1.33 3.1.34 3.1.35 3.1.36 3.1.37 3.1. 38 3.1.39 3.1.40 3.1.41 SCOPE 1 Scope . 1 Introduction 1 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . Not app
15、licable DEFINITIONS Definitions . Active defense Airblast Air burst . Angle of impact . Angle of obliquity Armor-piercing (AP) munitions . Areal density . Back spa11 Ballistic limit . Ballistic protection system . Basic armor material Blast-induced pressure Blast-induced shock . Blast wave Booster (
16、explosive) . Compact fragments . Composite armor . Contact burst . Cube-root law . Detonation Diffraction loading . Dynamic pressure Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) . Enhanced blast Explosion . Fallout . Fission . Flux (flux density) . Fragment-simulating projectile (FSP) Fragmentation . Fusion Fuze Fuz
17、e proximity H.E. projectile . Homogeneous armor . Initial nuclear radiation . Complete penetration (Navy criterion) . Drag loading Explosive (high explosive) Fluence (integrated flux) . Impulse . a iv 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 Provided by
18、 IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-T . MIL-HDBK-277 17 a 3777770 001728 O NIL-HDBK-297 CSH) 28 December 1987 . I 3 Paragraph 3.1.42 3.1.43 3.1.44 3.1.45 3.1.46 3.1.47 3.1.48 3.1.49 3.1.50 3.1.51 3.1.52 3.1.53 3.1.54 3.1.55 3.1.56 3.1.57 3.1.58 3.1.
19、59 3.1.60 3.1.61 3.1.62 3.1.63 3.1.64 3.1.65 3.1.66 3.1.67 3.1.68 3.1.69 3.1.70 3.1.71 3.1.72 3.1.73 3.1.74 3.1.75 3.1.76 3.1.77 3.1.78 3.1.79 3.1.80 3.1.81 3.1.82 3.1.83 3.1.84 3.1.85 3.1.86 3.1.87 3.1.88 3.1.89 3.1.90 3.1.91 CONTENTS . Continued Page Internal burst Jet . Jet penetration . Keel sho
20、ck factor (KSF) Kinetic energy projectile . Lethal damage . Lethality . Liner (of shaped charge) Mach region . Mach stem (front) . Mission-essential weapon system . Nuclear radiation . Nuclear weapon Overkill Overpressure (free-field) . Payload . Passive defense . Peak bodily velocity Penetrator Pet
21、alling . Plasma Positive phase duration . Primary fragments . Primers . Proximity burst Radiation absorbed dose (Rad) . Thermal radiant exposure (thermal flux) . Radioactivity . Radio blackout Random fragments Reflected pressure Residual nuclear radiation Residual primary fragment . Secondary fragme
22、ntation. . Secondary nuclear radiation . Shaped charge Shaped-charge effect . Shock front (pressure front) Shock wave Solid armor . Spaced armor Spalling Stagnation pressure . Standoff burst Surface burst . Survivability . Thermal radiation . TREE Trigger shield Triple point 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7
23、7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 V Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NL-HDBK-297 19 m 9944970 001i9027 2 m MIL-HDBK-297 (SH) 28 December 1987 CONTENTS - Continued Page Paragraph 3.1,92
24、 TNT equivalent 10 3.1.93 Vulnerability . 10 4, 4.1 4.1.1 4.2 4.3 4.31 4.3.1.1 4.3,l.Z 4.3.1.3 4.3.2 4,3.3 4.3.3.1 4.3.3.2 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.5.1 4.3.5.2 4.3.5.3 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.7.1 4.3,7.2 4.3.7.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2 4.4.1.3 4.4.2 4.4.2.1 4,4.3 4.4.3.1 4.4,3.2 4.4.3.3 4.4.3.4 4.4.4 4.4.4.1 4.4.5
25、 4.4.5.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS . 11 Weapons effects and damage environments . 11 General 11 12 Principal phenomena of explosions . Nuclear weapons effects and damage environments . 13 Above water detonations . 15 High altitude (exo-atmospheric) nuclear burst 15 Air (endo-atmospheric) nuclear burst 18
26、 19 Surface nuclear burst . Reflection of blast wave at a surface . 21 Airblast pressure loads . 24 Diffraction loading . 24 Drag loading 25 Airblast-induced shock 26 27 Underwater detonations Burst depth categories 28 Shallow burst . 29 Deep burst 32 Synergistic considerations for nuclear Nuclear i
27、njury effects on personnel . 35 Blast mechanical injury . Thermal radiation injury 35 Nuclear radiation injury Non-nuclear (H.E.) weapons effects and damage environments Detonations in unconfined space (external bursts) 39 Standoff burst 39 Proximity burst . 40 Contact burst . 41 Detonations in conf
28、ined space (internal bursts) 42 . weapons effects 32 35 36 37 Confined-explosion gas overpressure . 43 Specially configured warheads . 44 Controlled fragmentation warheads . Shaped-charge warheads 47 Shock factor versus peak bodily velocity Antichip torpedoes 50 Side-hitting contact torpedo Enhanced
29、 blast warheads . 44 45 Kinetic energy penetrators 46 48 Underwater detonations 49 50 vi c W Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NIL-HDBR-297 (SH) 28 December 1987 P Paragraph 4.4.5.2 4.4.6 4.5 4.5.1 4.6 4.7 5. 6. 6.1 6.2 Figure 1. 2. 3.
30、4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12 * 13. 1cc. CONTENTS - Continued Page Close-underbottom influence torpedo . Synergistic considerations for non-nuclear (H.E.) weapons effects . Non-nuclear (non-explosive) weapons effects and damage environments CBK effects . i. Primary and secondary shipboard damage envi
31、ronments . Coupled shipboard damage environments . DETAILED REQUIREMENTS NOTES . Intended use Subject term (key word) listing . FIGURES Relation of threat to the ship survivability design process and supporting documenta- tion . Categorization of Naval antiship weapons Transitin process from weapon
32、explosion phenomena to ship system response or damage . Energy partition for nuclear explosion phenomena . Nuclear explosion phenomena and weapons effects or damage environments . Typical energy distribution for weapons. damage effects from a nuclear air burst (40,000 feet altitude and above) . Ther
33、mal energy partition as a function of nuclear weapon yield and burst altitude The Compton process . Gamma radiation from exo-atmospheric nuclear detonation . EMP earth coverage from high-altitude nuclear detonation . EMP waveform and spectrum comparisons with Variation of free-field overpressure wit
34、h other electromagnetic processes distance at suc.cessive times for an ideal shock wave ,in air Time variations of airblast incident over- pressure and dynamic, pressure Reflection of blast wave at earths surface . 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 54 54 56 57 57 58 59 60 61 62 62 63 63 64 65 66 vii . . Provi
35、ded by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-viii MIL-HDBK-297 (SH) 28 December 1987 FIGURES - Continued Page Figure 15 16 17 I 18. 19. 20 21 1 22. 23 24. 2s * 26. 27. 28. 29. 30 31. 32. 33 * 34. Time variation of overpressure at point on earths surfac
36、e (regular reflection region) 66 above earths surface (regular reflection region) 67 . Time variation of overpressure at point . Merging of incident and reflected blast Outward movement of blast wave near earths Peak free-field overpressure on the ground waves; formation of Mach Y configuration 67 s
37、urface (Mach reflection region) 67 for l-kiloton nuclear air burst (low pres- sure regime) 68 Peak free-field overpressure on the ground for l-kiloton nuclear air burst (interme- Horizontal component of peak dynamic pres- cure for 1-kiloton nuclear air burst 70 Positive phase duration for incident o
38、ver- pressure and dynamic wind pressure for 1- kiloton nuclear air burst 71 Diffraction of blast wave by box-like struc- diate pressure regime) 69 ture with no openings (plan view) . 72 History of underwater explosion events . 73 Idealized time variation of overpressure for underwater explosion near
39、 air-water interface . 73 Typical underwater pressure pulses affected by surface reflection . 74 Classification of underwater nuclear bursts 75 Sequence of principal nuclear explosion phenomena and resultant weapons effects . 76 Sequence of principal conventional H.E. explosion phenomena and resulta
40、nt weapons effects . 77 weapons effects or damage environments 78 (confined air blast) 79 time waveforms for different airblast processes . 79 (heat) projectile . 80 Conventional H.E. explosion phenomena and Pressure-time history at point on wall of closed chamber for internal H.E. burst Comparison
41、of free-field overpressure versus Schematic diagram of typicai shaped charge Sequence of shaped-charge penetration events . 81 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- - MIL-HDBK-277 17 7977770 0017032 2 NIL-HDBK-297 (SH) 28 December 1987 O I
42、 l d I l 1. SCOPE 1.1, Scope. This handbook has been prepared to provide a tutorial on It is recommended reading for engineers desiring the basic concepts of explosion phenomena and damage effects from nuclear and non-nuclear weapons, an introduction to these subjects as they relate to the vulnerabi
43、lity or survivability of ships and mission essential weapons systems, and to pas- sive protection design. 1.2 Introduction. Naval ships must be capable of carrying our their assigned missions and combat roles in man-made threat environments and survive the possible consequences which may result from
44、 engaging hostile forces. in totality, the combat survivability of a warship depends on two distinct but interrelated factors; namely, susceptibility and vulnerability. Viewed 1.2.1 The first factor, susceptibility, is defined as “the combined characteristics of all the factors that determine the pr
45、obability of hit of a component, subsystem, or system by a given threat mechanism.“ bility may be characterized as the propensity of a ships emissions (inten- tional and unintentional) to exploitation by threat surveillance sensors, weapon homing seekers, and warhead fuze mechanisms in performing th
46、eir in- tended functions of detection attack (weapon launch) targeting, acquisition, and detonation against a ship. unique and readily classifiable, include electromagnetic radiations from on board communications, navigation, and command or control radars, and electro- acoustic- radiations from on b
47、oard sonars. Unintentional emissions (signatures) include radiations and reflections which are inherent to a ships configuration and design features, and include: acoustic (radiated noise), radar cross- section, infrared radiance, magnetic, pressure, seismic, and other signatures. Suscepti- Intentio
48、nal emissions, many of which are II 1.2.2 The second factor, vulnerability, is defined as the characteristics of a system that cause it to suffer a finite level of degradation in performing its mission as a result of having been subjected to a certain level of threat mechanisms in a man-made hostile
49、 environment. Vulnerability may be characterized as the propensity of a ships structure (hull, deckhouse, superstructure, hangars) and vital equipments or components to operational impairment as a result of the damage effects from weapon detonations. The level of damage, and degree of im- pairment, are a function of the following: type of warhead, size of explosive charge, location of the detonation, and a
