1、 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HANDBOOK RANGE LASER SAFETY THIS HANDBOOK IS FOR GUIDANCE ONLY. DO NOT CITE THIS DOCUMENT AS A REQUIREMENT. AMSC NA AREA SAFT Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NOT MEASUREMENT SENSTIVE MIL-HDBK-828B w/CHANGE 1 5 May, 2011 5 5 May, 2001 9 Marc
2、h 2011 SUPERSEDING MIL-HDBK-828B 9 March, 2011 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 ii FOREWARD This handbook provides uniform guidance for the safe use of military lasers and laser systems on DOD ranges. Each mili
3、tary service has previously established normal procedures for approving laser ranges, and as directed by Title 10, have the responsibility to organize, train, and equip their forces. Services will establish a range laser safety program as part of their overall range safety program. This guidance is
4、intended to supplement these procedures and training requirements. It does not replace those procedures nor release individuals from compliance with the requirements of their particular service. The authority for this handbook is the Department of Defense (DOD) Laser System Safety Working Group (LSS
5、WG) established by DODI 6055.15 “DOD Laser Protection Program.” Guidance for laser systems not addressed here should be obtained from the LSSWG. a. The aim of this DOD handbook is to establish range safety for the evaluation and control of lasers under military control in order to reduce to a minimu
6、m the hazards to personnel, property, and the environment. b. The installation commander is responsible for laser range operations while day to day operations are managed through the Installation Laser Range Authority. c. This handbook applies to laser systems with optical radiation emission in the
7、wavelength range of 100 nm to 1 mm, pulsed and continuous wave systems. d. This handbook does not apply to medical or laboratory uses, where additional professional review may be needed to establish adequate health and safety controls; other outdoor use is described in ANSI Z136.6, Safe Use of Laser
8、s Outdoors. e. This handbook applies to all hazard categories or hazard classifications defined by ANSI Z136.1, Safe Use of Lasers, and IEC 60825-1.2-2001, Radiation Safety of Laser Products. f. The intent is for this document to provide sufficient guidance for laser system use on an established ran
9、ge. Comments, suggestions, or questions on this document should be addressed to USN Space and Warfare Center 4250 Pacific Highway, San Diego, CA 92110 mail stop OT-3 2824 or emailed to fred.stewartnavy.mil. Since contact information can change, you may want to verify the currency of this address inf
10、ormation using the ASSIST Online database at https:/assist.daps.dla.mi. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE iii FOREWARD II 1. SCOPE 1 1.1. Application . 1 1.2. Content . 1 2. APPLICABLE DO
11、CUMENTS 2 2.1. General. 2 2.2. Government Documents . 2 2.2.1. Specifications, Standards, and Handbooks. 2 2.2.2. Other Government Publications. 2 2.3. Non-Government Publications. 4 2.4. Order of Precedence. 5 3. DEFINITIONS 6 3.1. Definitions 6 3.1.1. Administrative Controls. 6 3.1.2. Atmospheric
12、Attenuation. 6 3.1.3. Attenuation. 6 3.1.4. Autonomous Laser Systems. 6 3.1.5. Backscatter. 6 3.1.6. Beam Divergence. 6 3.1.7. Buffer Angle. 6 3.1.8. Buffer Zone. . 6 3.1.9. Controlled Area. . 6 3.1.10. Danger Zone. 6 3.1.11. Diffuse Reflection. . 6 3.1.12. Engineering Controls. . 6 3.1.13. Exclusio
13、n Zone. 7 3.1.14. Flash Blindness. 7 3.1.15. Fratricide. . 7 3.1.16. Installation Laser Range Authority. . 7 3.1.17. Institutional Laser Range Authority. 7 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PA
14、GE iv 3.1.18. Laser. 7 3.1.19. Laser Footprint. 7 3.1.20. Laser-guided Weapon. 7 3.1.21. Laser Range. . 7 3.1.22. Laser Range Certification. 7 3.1.23. Laser Spot Tracker. 7 3.1.24. Laser Spot Size. 7 3.1.25. Laser Surface Danger Zone (LSDZ). . 8 3.1.26. Laser Training Area (LTA). . 8 3.1.27. Laser T
15、arget Designator. 8 3.1.28. Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE). . 8 3.1.29. Medical Surveillance. . 8 3.1.30. Milliradian (mrad). . 8 3.1.31. Night Vision Goggles/Devices. 8 3.1.32. Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ). . 8 3.1.33. Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD). 8 3.1.34. NOHD-M. . 8 3.1.35. Ocular Int
16、erruption (OI) Devices. 8 3.1.36. Optical Density. 8 3.1.37. Optically Aided Viewing. . 8 3.1.38. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). . 9 3.1.39. Specular Reflection. . 9 3.1.40. Spillover Reflection. . 9 3.1.41. Seeker. 9 3.1.42. Surface Danger Zone (SDZ). 9 3.1.43. Unit Laser Range Authority. 9 3
17、.1.44. Weapon Danger Zone (WDZ). . 9 4. GENERAL LASER INFORMATION . 10 4.1. Laser. 10 4.2. Laser System. . 10 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE v 4.3. Laser Range. . 10 4.4. Laser System
18、Applications. 10 4.4.1. Laser Target Ranging and Designation. . 10 4.4.2. Laser Spot Tracker. 10 4.4.3. Laser-guided Weapon. 10 4.4.4. Laser Marking. . 11 4.4.5. Ocular Interruption (OI) Devices. 11 4.5. Laser Operations . 11 4.5.1. Air-to-Ground. 11 4.5.2. Ground-to-Ground. . 11 4.5.3. Ground-to-Ai
19、r. 11 4.5.4. Air-to-Air. . 11 4.5.5. Ship-to-Target. . 12 4.5.6. Underwater. 12 4.5.7. Force-On-Force Operations. . 12 4.6. Laser Beam Reflection. 12 4.6.1. Specular Reflection (Mirror-like Surface). 12 4.6.2. Diffuse Reflection. . 12 4.7. Hazards Associated with Range Laser Operations . 13 4.7.1. E
20、ye Damage. 13 4.7.2. Skin Damage. . 14 4.7.3. Flash Blindness. 14 4.7.4. Dazzle. 14 4.7.5. Disability Glare. . 15 4.7.6. Startle. . 15 4.7.7. Fratricide. . 15 5. LASER TARGET AND LASER TARGET AREA CONSIDERATIONS . 16 5.1. Target Types. 16 5.2. Target Material. 16 5.2.1. Diffuse Reflectivity. . 16 Pr
21、ovided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE vi 5.2.2. Specular Reflection. . 16 5.2.2.1. Off of Flat Specular Surfaces. 17 5.2.2.2. Reflection Off of Curved Specular Surface. 17 5.3. Target Size. . 1
22、8 5.3.1. Laser Spot Size. 18 5.3.2. Laser Beam Divergence. 18 5.3.3. Overspill. 19 5.4. Target Placement. . 19 5.5. Target Maintenance. . 19 5.5.1. Target Condition. 19 5.5.2. Target Area Condition. . 20 6. GENERAL RANGE LASER SAFETY . 22 6.1. Fundamentals. . 22 6.2. Laser Systems . 22 6.3. Unprotec
23、ted Personnel. 23 6.4. Protected Personnel. . 23 6.5. Aided Viewing. 23 6.6. Night Vision Devices (NVD). 23 6.7. Laser Accident/Incident Reporting. . 23 7. RANGE LASER OPERATIONS . 25 7.1. Considerations for Laser Operations. . 25 7.1.1. Line of Sight. 25 7.1.2. Atmospheric Attenuation. 25 7.1.2.1.
24、Definition. . 25 7.1.2.2. Factors Affecting Atmospheric Attenuation. . 25 7.1.2.3. How Atmospheric Attenuation Affects Laser Delivery. 26 7.1.3. Laser Operations Planning. 26 7.2. Laser Target Designator/Seeker Operations. 26 7.2.1. Seeker. 27 7.2.1.1. Laser Spot Tracker (LST). 27 Provided by IHSNot
25、 for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE vii 7.2.1.2. Laser-Guided Weapon. . 27 7.2.2. Laser Target Designator. 27 7.2.3. Laser Designation Operations Planning. 27 7.2.3.1. Laser Code. . 27 7.2.3.2. Line of Sight
26、. 28 7.2.3.3. Field of View. . 28 7.2.3.4. Atmospheric Attenuation. 28 7.2.3.5. Wind Effects on Laser Designator Position. 29 7.2.4. Laser Designation and Weapons Delivery Tactics. 29 7.2.4.1. Attack Heading. 29 7.2.4.2. Optimal Attack Zone. . 30 7.2.4.3. Timing of Lasing, Seeking, and Munitions Del
27、ivery Tactics. . 31 7.2.4.4. Backup Method for Target Acquisition. . 31 7.2.5. Seeker Lock-on Errors. . 31 7.2.5.1. Seeker Locks On to Laser Target Designator. . 32 7.2.5.2. Seeker Locks On to Backscatter. 34 7.2.5.3. Seeker Locks On to Spillover. 35 7.2.5.4. Seeker Fails to Lock On to Anything. 35
28、7.2.6. Aircraft-mounted Laser Designators. . 36 7.2.7. Aircraft-released Laser Guided Missiles. . 36 7.2.7.1. Lock-On-Before-Launch (LOBL). . 36 7.2.7.2. Lock-On-After-Launch (LOAL). . 36 8. CONTROL MEASURES . 37 8.1. Engineering Controls. . 37 8.1.1. Controls Built Into Laser System. 37 8.1.2. Back
29、stop. 37 8.1.3. Range Maintenance. . 37 8.1.3.1. Vegetation Control. 37 8.1.3.2. Removal of Specular Reflection. 37 8.1.4. Target/Lasing Position Placement. . 37 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 CONTENTS PARAGR
30、APH PAGE viii 8.2. Administrative Controls. 38 8.2.1. SOPs. 38 8.2.2. Training. . 38 8.2.3. Range Personnel. 38 8.2.4. Warning Signs and Notices. . 39 8.2.5. Access Control. 39 8.2.6. Coordination of Special Use Airspace (SUA). . 39 8.2.6.1. Restricted Areas. 40 8.2.6.2. Warning Areas. . 40 8.2.6.3.
31、 Military Operations Area (MOA). 40 8.2.6.4. Controlled Firing Area (CFA). . 40 8.2.7. Coordination of Navigable Waterways. . 40 8.3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). . 41 9. DANGER ZONES 42 9.1. Types of Danger Zones. . 42 9.1.1. Laser Surface Danger Zone (LSDZ). . 42 9.1.2. Surface Danger Zone
32、 (SDZ). 42 9.1.3. Weapon Danger Zone (WDZ). . 42 9.2. Laser Footprint. 42 9.3. Factors Affecting an LSDZ. . 42 9.3.1. Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) Limit. . 42 9.3.2. Laser Classification. . 43 9.3.2.1. Class 1. . 43 9.3.2.2. Class 1M. 43 9.3.2.3. Class 2. . 43 9.3.2.4. Class 2M. 43 9.3.2.5. Cl
33、ass 3. . 43 9.3.2.6. Class 4. . 43 9.3.3. Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD). 43 9.3.3.1. Definition. . 43 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE ix 9.3.3.2. NOHD-M. . 44 9.3.3.3. Laser Pla
34、tform Stability. . 44 9.4. LSDZ. . 44 9.4.1. NOHD. . 44 9.4.1.1. Use of Optics. . 45 9.4.1.2. Use of Backstop. . 46 9.4.2. Buffer Angle. 47 9.4.2.1. Factors Affecting Buffer Angle. . 47 9.4.2.2. Determining Buffer Angle. . 48 9.4.3. Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ). . 48 9.4.3.1. Specular NHZ. 48 9.4.3.2.
35、Diffuse NHZ. 49 9.5. Airborne LSDZ. 49 9.6. Activities on a Range. 49 10. LASER RANGE CERTIFICATION 50 10.1. Introduction. . 50 10.2. Certification Requirements . 50 10.2.1. Laser Range Certification Period. 50 10.2.2. Multiple Laser Systems. . 50 10.3. Preparation for Certification. 50 10.3.1. Cert
36、ification Checklist. . 50 10.3.2. Certification Kit. . 50 10.3.3. Scheduling. . 51 10.4. Certification Process. 51 10.5. Gather and Review Preliminary Data. 51 10.5.1. Range Information 51 10.5.2. Laser Information. Information gathered about the laser systems includes: . 53 10.5.3. Weapons Data. 53
37、 10.5.4. Exercise Information 53 10.5.5. SOPs. 53 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE x 10.5.6. Areas of Concern. . 53 10.6. Perform Preliminary Data Analysis Using Software/Analysis Method
38、s. 54 10.7. Conduct Range Survey. 54 10.7.1. Site Visit. 54 10.7.2. Visual Survey. 55 10.8. Analyze Data and Recommend Risk Mitigation Actions. . 55 10.9. Compile and Report Results. 55 11. INSTITUTIONAL LASER RANGE AUTHORITY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES . 56 11.1. Institutional Guidance Regarding Ran
39、ge Laser Safety. . 56 11.2. Laser Range Certification. 56 11.3. Laser Range Hazard Analysis. . 56 12. INSTALLATION LASER RANGE AUTHORITY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES . . 58 12.1. Operating Procedures. 58 12.2. Laser Training Plan. . 59 12.3. LSDZ. . 59 12.4. Laser Systems. 60 12.5. Laser Range Design.
40、 . 60 12.6. Range Laser Safety Compliance Inspection/Audit. . 61 12.7. Laser Range Certification. 61 12.8. Laser Briefings and Indoctrination. 62 12.9. Laser Incident Investigations. . 62 13. UNIT LASER RANGE AUTHORITY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES . 63 13.1. Laser Training Plan. . 63 13.2. Range Laser
41、 Safety Inspection. Conduct of Inspection. 63 13.2.1. Safety Brief/Pre-mission Brief. 64 13.3. Laser Operations. 65 13.3.1. Laser Systems/Targets. . 65 13.3.2. LSDZ. . 65 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 CONTEN
42、TS PARAGRAPH PAGE xi 13.3.3. Pre-fire Checks. 65 13.3.4. Cease Fire Operations. . 65 13.3.5. General Supervision . 65 14. NOTES 67 14.1. Intended use. . 67 14.2. Supersession data. 67 14.3. Subject term (key word) listing. . 67 14.4. Changes from previous issue. . 67 APPENDIX A. LASER SAFETY SOP 68
43、A.1. Scope. . 68 A.2. Installation Laser Range Authority Responsibilities. . 68 A.3. Unit Responsibilities. . 69 APPENDIX B. LASER RANGE CERTIFICATION CHECKLISTS . 71 B.1. Scope. . 71 B.1.1. Laser Range Pre-survey Checklist . 71 B.1.2. Laser Range Certification Checklist . 71 B.1.3. Laser Range Surv
44、ey Report. . 71 APPENDIX C. EQUATIONS FOR LASER HAZARD EVALUATION . 86 C.1. Scope 86 C.2. Applicable Documents. 86 C.3. Equation Applications. . 86 C.3.1. Sloping ranges. . 86 C.3.2. Shipboard Laser System. 86 C.3.3. Hazard Evaluation. . 86 C.4. Buffered Footprint Definition. . 86 C.5. Hazard Evalua
45、tion Without Specular Reflections. . 88 C.5.1. Single Laser Aircraft Heading. . 88 C.5.2. Multiple Laser Aircraft Headings. 88 C.5.3. Level Ground Examples. 89 C.5.3.1. Example 1 (Level Ground). 89 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-
46、HDBK-828B W/CHANGE 1 CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE xii C.5.3.2. Example 2 (Level Ground). 89 C.5.4. Unlevel Terrain. 89 C.5.4.1. Target on Rising Terrain Or Hills Behind Target (Natural Backstop). 89 C.5.4.2. Falling Terrain in Target Area or Hills in Foreground. 91 C.6. Specular Reflections. 92 C.7. Airc
47、rew. 93 C.8. Ground Personnel, Shipboard Personnel, Other Aircraft, and Surrounding Community. 94 C.9. Footprint Determinations. 95 C.9.1. Ground Based Lasers. . 95 C.9.1.1. Vertical Buffer Far Boundary. 95 C.9.1.2. Vertical Buffer Near Boundary. . 97 C.9.1.3. Horizontal Buffer. 98 C.9.2. Airborne L
48、aser with Target on Level Ground. . 100 C.9.2.1. Aircraft Minimum Altitude. . 100 C.9.2.2. Left and Right Hand LSDZ. . 102 C.9.2.3. Airborne Laser with Target on Sloping Ground. . 103 CONCLUDING MATERIAL. . 105 FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Diffuse reflection. . 13 2. Direct intrabeam viewing. . 14 3. Reflected intrabeam viewing. . 14 4. Specular (mirror-like) reflection from perpendicular surface. 17 5. Specular (mirror-like) reflection from angular surface. 17 6. Reflection off curved specular surface. 17 7. Beam divergence. 18 8. Example of airborne laser beam reflecti
