1、See ALERT11NFPAStandard forLow-, Medium-, andHigh-Expansion Foam2016ISBN: 978-145591155-4 (Print) ISBN: 978-145591192-9 (PDF)IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING NFPASTANDARDS NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY CONCERNING THE USE OF NFPA STANDARDSNFPAcodes, standards, recommended practices,
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11、MERS CONCERNING NFPASTANDARDS Copyright 2015 National Fire Protection Association. All Rights Reserved.NFPA11Standard forLow-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam2016 EditionThis edition of NFPA 11, Standard forLow-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam, was preparedby the Technical Committee on Foam and a
12、cted on by NFPA at its June Association TechnicalMeeting held June 2225, 2015, in Chicago, IL. It was issued by the Standards Council onAugust 18, 2015, with an effective date of September 7, 2015, and supersedes all previouseditions.This document has been amended by one or more Tentative Interim Am
13、endments (TIAs)and/or Errata. See “Codes the pressure at the throat is belowatmospheric pressure and will draw in liquid from atmo-spheric storage.3.3.5.1* In-Line Eductor. A Venturi-type proportioning de-vice that meters foam concentrate at a fixed or variableconcentration into the water stream at
14、a point between thewater source and a nozzle or other discharge device.3.3.6 Expansion. The ratio of final foam volume to originalfoam solution volume.3.3.7 Film Formation. A property of aqueous film-formingfoams and film-forming fluoroproteins characterized by a posi-tive (0.0 dynes/cm) spreading c
15、oefficient when measured ac-cording to ASTM D 1331 using cyclohexane as the hydrocarbonsubstrate and distilled water to make the foam solution.3.3.8 Fire.3.3.8.1 ClassAFire. A fire in ordinary combustible materi-als, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics.10, 20133.3.8.2 Class B Fire.
16、 A fire in flammable liquids, combus-tible liquids, petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-based paints,solvents, lacquers, alcohols, and flammable gases.3.3.9 Flammable (Class I) Liquid. Any liquid that has a closed-cup flash point that is below 37.8C (100F), as determined bythe test procedures and app
17、aratus set forth in Section 4.4 ofNFPA 30, and a Reid vapor pressure that does not exceed anabsolute pressure of 276 kPa (40 psi) at 37.8C (100F), asdetermined by ASTM D 323, Standard Test Method forVapor Pres-sure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method). 30, 20153.3.9.1 Class IA Liquid. Any liquid that
18、 has a clossed-cupflash point below 22.8C (73F) and a boiling point below37.8C (100F). 30, 20153.3.9.2 Class IB Liquid. Any liquid that has a closed-cupflash point below 22.8C (73F) and a boiling point at orabove 37.8C (100F). 30, 20153.3.9.3 Class IC Liquid. Any liquid that has a closed-cupflash po
19、int at or above 22.8C (73F) but below 37.8C(100F). 30, 20153.3.10* Foam. A stable aggregation of bubbles of lower den-sity than oil or water.3.3.10.1 CompressedAir Foam (CAF). A homogenous foamproduced by the combination of water, foam concentrate,and air or nitrogen under pressure.3.3.11 Foam Chamb
20、er. See 3.3.4.1, Fixed Foam DischargeOutlet.3.3.12* Foam Concentrate. A concentrated liquid foamingagent as received from the manufacturer.3.3.12.1* Alcohol-Resistant Foam Concentrate. A concentrateused for fighting fires on water-soluble materials and otherfuels destructive to regular, AFFF, or FFF
21、P foams, as well asfor fires involving hydrocarbons.3.3.12.2* AqueousFilm-FormingFoamConcentrate(AFFF). Aconcentrate based on fluorinated surfactants plus foam sta-bilizers to produce a fluid aqueous film for suppressinghydrocarbon fuel vapors and usually diluted with water to a1 percent, 3 percent,
22、 or 6 percent solution.3.3.12.3* Film-Forming Fluoroprotein Foam Concentrate(FFFP). A protein-foam concentrate that uses fluorinatedsurfactants to produce a fluid aqueous film for suppressinghydrocarbon fuel vapors.3.3.12.4 Film-Forming Foam. A concentrate that whenmixed at its nominal use concentra
23、tion will form an aque-ous film on hydrocarbon fuels.3.3.12.5* Fluoroprotein Foam Concentrate. A concentratevery similar to protein-foam concentrate but with a syn-thetic fluorinated surfactant additive.3.3.12.6* Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Concentrate. Aconcentrate, usually derived from hydroca
24、rbon surfac-tants, used in specially designed equipment to producefoams having foam-to-solution volume ratios of 20:1 to ap-proximately 1000:1.3.3.12.7* Protein Foam Concentrate. Concentrate consistingprimarily of products from a protein hydrolysate, plus stabiliz-ing additives and inhibitors to pro
25、tect against freezing, to pre-vent corrosion of equipment and containers, to resist bacte-rial decomposition, to control viscosity, and to otherwiseensure readiness for use under emergency conditions.3.3.12.8 Synthetic Foam Concentrate. Concentrate based onfoaming agents other than hydrolyzed protei
26、ns and includ-ing aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) concentrates,medium- and high-expansion foam concentrates, andother synthetic foam concentrates.3.3.12.8.1* OtherSyntheticFoamConcentrate. A concentratebased on hydrocarbon surface active agents and listed as awetting agent, foaming agent, or both.3
27、.3.13 Foam Concentrate Type. A classification of a foam con-centrate that includes the chemical composition as definedunder foam concentrate (see 3.3.12), including the use per-centage, the minimum usable temperature, and the fuels onwhich the concentrate is effective.3.3.14 Foam Generators.3.3.14.1
28、 Foam Generators Aspirator Type. Foam genera-tors, fixed or portable, in which jet streams of foam solutionaspirate sufficient amounts of air that is then entrained on thescreens to produce foam, and which usually produce foamwith expansion ratios of not more than 250:1.3.3.14.2* Foam Generators Blo
29、wer Type. Foam genera-tors, fixed or portable, in which the foam solution is dis-charged as a spray onto screens through which an air-stream developed by a fan or blower is passing.3.3.15 Foam Injection.3.3.15.1 Semisubsurface Foam Injection. Discharge of foamat the liquid surface within a storage t
30、ank from a floating hosethat rises from a piped container near the tank bottom.3.3.15.2 Subsurface Foam Injection. Discharge of foam intoa storage tank from an outlet near the tank bottom.3.3.16* Foam Solution. A homogeneous mixture of water andfoam concentrate in the correct proportions.118 LOW-, M
31、EDIUM-, AND HIGH-EXPANSION FOAM2016 Edition3.3.16.1 Premixed Foam Solution. Solution produced by in-troducing a measured amount of foam concentrate into agiven amount of water in a storage tank.3.3.17 Foam System Types.3.3.17.1* CompressedAir Foam System (CAFS). A system em-ploying compressed air fo
32、am discharge devices or hosesattached to a piping system through which foam is trans-ported from a mixing chamber.3.3.17.2 Fixed System. A complete installation in whichfoam is piped from a central foam station, dischargingthrough fixed delivery outlets to the hazard to be protectedwith permanently
33、installed pumps where required.3.3.17.3* Mobile System. Any type of foam-producing unitthat is mounted on wheels and that is self-propelled ortowed by a vehicle and can be connected to a water supplyor can utilize a premixed foam solution.3.3.17.4 Portable System. Foam-producing equipment,materials,
34、 hose, and so forth that are transported by hand.3.3.17.5* Semifixed System. A system in which the hazard isequipped with fixed discharge outlets connected to pipingthat terminates at a safe distance.3.3.18* Foam-Generating Methods. Methods of generation ofair foam including hose stream, foam nozzle
35、, and medium-and high-expansion generators, foam maker, pressure foammaker (high back pressure or forcing type), or foam monitorstream.3.3.18.1* Compressed Air Foam-Generating Method. Amethod of generating compressed air foam recognized inthis standard by using a mixing chamber to combine air ornitr
36、ogen under pressure, water, and foam concentrate inthe correct proportions.3.3.19* Handline. A hose and nozzle that can be held anddirected by hand.3.3.20 Inductor See 3.3.5.3.3.21 Monitor.3.3.21.1* Fixed Monitor (Cannon). A device that delivers alarge foam stream and is mounted on a stationary supp
37、ortthat either is elevated or is at grade.3.3.21.2 Portable Monitor (Cannon). A device that deliversa foam monitor stream and is mounted on a movable sup-port or wheels so it can be transported to the fire scene.3.3.22 Nozzle.3.3.22.1* Foam Nozzle or Fixed Foam Maker. A specially de-signed hoseline
38、nozzle or fixed foam maker designed toaspirate air that is connected to a supply of foam solution.3.3.22.2* Self-Educting Nozzle. A device that incorporates aventuri to draw foam concentrate through a short length ofpipe and/or flexible tubing connected to the foam supply.3.3.23* Pressure Foam Maker
39、 (High Back Pressure or ForcingType). A foam maker utilizing the Venturi principle for aspi-rating air into a stream of foam solution forms foam underpressure.3.3.24 Proportioning. The continuous introduction of foamconcentrate at the recommended ratio into the water streamto form foam solution.3.3.
40、24.1* Balanced Pressure Pump-Type Proportioning. Afoam proportioning system that utilizes a foam pump andvalve(s) to balance foam and water pressures at a modifiedventuri-type proportioner located in the foam solution de-livery piping; a foam concentrate metering orifice is fittedin the foam inlet s
41、ection of the proportioner.3.3.24.1.1* In-Line Balanced Pressure Proportioning. A foamproportioning system utilizing a foam concentrate pump or abladder tank in conjunction with a listed pressure reducingvalve. At all design flow rates, the constant foam concentratepressure is greater than the maxim
42、um water pressure at theinlet to the in-line balanced pressure proportioner. A pressurebalancing valve integral to the in-line balanced pressure pro-portioner regulates the foam concentrate pressure to be bal-anced to incoming water pressure.3.3.24.2* Coupled Water-Motor Driven Pump Proportioning. A
43、correctly designed positive displacement water motor inthe water supply line coupled to a positive displacementfoam concentrate pump to provide proportioning.3.3.24.3* DirectInjectionVariablePumpOutputProportioning.A direct injection proportioning system that utilizes flow-meters for foam concentrat
44、e and water in conjunction witha variable output foam pump control system.3.3.25 Proportioning Methods for Foam Systems. The meth-ods of proportioning used to create the correct solution ofwater and foam liquid concentrate.3.3.26* Pump Proportioner (Around-the-Pump Proportioner).A system that uses a
45、 venturi eductor installed in a bypassline between the discharge and suction side of a waterpump and suitable variable or fixed orifices to induct foamconcentrate from a tank or container into the pump suc-tion line.3.3.27 Stream.3.3.27.1 FoamHoseStream. A foam stream from a handline.3.3.27.2 Foam M
46、onitor Stream. A large capacity foamstream from a nozzle that is supported in position and canbe directed by one person.3.3.28* Spreading Coefficient. The measurement of a foamsolutions potential to spread spontaneously across a hy-drocarbon surface.3.3.29 Tank.3.3.29.1 Balanced Pressure Bladder Tan
47、k. A foam concen-trate tank fitted with an internal bladder that uses water-flow through a modified venturi-type proportioner to con-trol the foam concentrate injection rate by displacing thefoam concentrate within the bladder with water outside thebladder.3.3.29.2* Pressure Proportioning Tank. A fo
48、am concentratetank with no bladder that uses waterflow through an orificeto displace a foam concentrate,having a specific gravity ofat least 1.15, in the tank with water to add foam concentratethrough an orifice into a water line at a specified rate.Chapter 4 System Components and System Types4.1* G
49、eneral. This chapter shall provide requirements for thecorrect use of foam system components.4.1.1* All components shall be listed for their intended use.119SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND SYSTEM TYPES2016 Edition4.1.2 Where listings for components do not exist, compo-nents shall be approved.4.2 Water Supplies.4.2.1 Water Supplies, Including Premixed Solution.4.2.1.1 Quality.4.2.1.1.1* The water supply to foam systems shall be permittedto be hard or soft, fresh or salt, but shall be of a quality suchthat adverse effects on foam formation or foam stability do no
