1、i ANSI/BIFMA e3-2011e ANSI/BIFMA e3-2011e Furniture Sustainability Standard BIFMA International 678 Front Ave. NW Suite 150 Grand Rapids, Michigan 49504-5368 Phone: 616-285-3963 Fax: 616-285-3765 Email: emailbifma.org Website: www.bifma.org Copyright 2011 BIFMA International 2011 Unless otherwise sp
2、ecified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from BIFMA International. ii Acknowledgments The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Associatio
3、n (BIFMA) International and NSF International would like to thank the extraordinary group of stakeholders that came together to assist in the development of this standard: AIS Erin Cadieux Greg Scher Allsteel - Mike Veal American Seating - Brock Hesselsweet AQS - Scott Steady Aquinas College - Jessi
4、ca Eimer Association of Registered Interior Designers of Ontario (ARIDO) Gary Hewson Susan Wiggins Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) Janan Rabiah BASF Corporation Mary Fraser Pat Meyer Berkeley Analytical Associates Raja Tannous BIFMA International Dick Driscoll Brad Miller Tom Reardon Brenner
5、 Design (AIA Rep) - Diana Brenner Bretford Manufacturing Co. - Chris Brandel Byrne Electrical Specialists - Pat Young Cascade Engineering - Kelley Losey CRI/CARE - Georgina Sikorski EPA, Design for the Environment Program Catherine Manzo Sharmin Syed Kathleen Vokes EPA, Environmentally Preferable Pu
6、rchasing Program - Alison Kinn Bennett EPA, Green Suppliers Network - Heidi Karp EPA, Indoor Environment Management Branch - Bob Thompson EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention publish key industry statistics; advocate for legislation and government regulation that have a direct impact on the health of
7、 the industry; and facilitate meaningful dialog and education to support our core services and the industry we serve. NSF International NSF International has been testing and certifying products for safety, health, and the environment for more than 65 years (www.nsf.org). As an independent, not-for-
8、profit organization, NSFs mission is to protect public health and the environment through standards development, inspection, testing, and certification for the food, water, build/construction, retail, chemical, and health science industries. NSF Sustainability draws upon this expertise in standards
9、development, product assurance and certification, advisory services and quality systems management to help companies green their products, operations, systems and supply chains. 1The information contained in this Foreword is not part of this American National Standard (ANS) and has not been processe
10、d in accordance with ANSIs requirements for an ANS. Therefore, this Foreword may contain material that has not been subjected to public review or a consensus process. In addition, it does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the Standard. 1 ANSI/BIFMA e3 Furniture Sustainability Sta
11、ndard 1 General 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this voluntary Standard is to provide measurable market-based definitions of progressively more sustainable furniture by establishing performance criteria that address environmental and social aspects throughout the supply chain. 1.2 Scope This Standard pro
12、vides a pathway towards sustainability by establishing measurable criteria for multiple levels of achievement and/or performance. This Standard is applicable to all business and institutional furniture; this includes but is not limited to moveable walls, systems furniture, desking systems, casegoods
13、, tables, seating, and accessories. The Standard is also applicable to materials and components manufactured by suppliers to furniture manufacturers. This Standard is applicable to business and institutional furniture manufactured in one facility or multiple facilities, one country or multiple count
14、ries. It addresses product-based characteristics in the general areas of materials, use of energy, human and ecosystem health, and social responsibility impacts. 2 2 Normative References The following documents contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this st
15、andard. At the time of publication, the indicated editions were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties are encouraged to investigate the possiblity of applying the recent editions of the standards indicated below. ANSI/BIFMA M7.1-2011, Standard Test Method for Determining VOC Emis
16、sions From Office Furniture Systems, Components and Seating, http:/www.bifma.org/standards/standards.html ANSI/BIFMA X7.1-2011 Standard for Formaldehyde and TVOC Emissions of Low Emitting Office Furniture and Seating http:/www.bifma.org/standards/standards.html ASTM D996, Standard Terminology of Pac
17、kaging and Distribution Environments, http:/www.astm.org/Standards/D996.htm California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 6 Californias Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, http:/www.energy.ca.gov/title24/ CA DGS Purchase Spec 1-09-71-52, California Department o
18、f General Services Technical Environmental Purchase Specification for Contract 1-09-71-52 on Open Office Panel Systems, Section 4.7 Indoor Air Quality, Table C, http:/www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/pd/epp/furniture/DGS1-09-71-52.pdf California Integrated and Waste Management Board, Sustainable (Green) Bui
19、lding, Special Environmental Requirements Specification, Section 01350 http:/www.ciwmb.ca.gov/greenbuilding/Specs/Section01350/ CDPH/EHLB/Standard Method v1.1-2010, California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, Environmental Health Laboratory Bra
20、nch, Indoor Air Quality Section, Standard Method for the Testing and Evaluation of Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions from Indoor Sources Using Environmental Chambers Version 1.1, 2010, http:/www.cal-iaq.org/vocs/standard-method Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
21、and Flora (CITES) Appendicies I or II, www.cites.org ISO 11469, Plastics - Generic identification and marking of plastics products www.iso.org ISO 14001, Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use, www.iso.org ISO 14025, Environmental labels and declarations - Type III env
22、ironmental declarations - Principles and procedures, www.iso.org ISO 14040, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework, www.iso.org ISO 14044, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines, www.iso.org 3 2 Normative References (Contin
23、ued) United States Green Build Council LEED Existing Buildings: Operations and/or reproductive toxicant; and/or carcinogen; and/or endocrine disruptor. 3.8 child labor: Exploitation of workers under the minimum legal age for employment in the country where the facility operates. 3.9 conformity asses
24、sments: Demonstration that specified requirements relating to a product, process, system, person, or body is fulfilled. 3.9.1 first party conformity assessment: Conformity assessment activity that is performed by the person or organization that provides the object. 3.9.2 second party conformity asse
25、ssment: Conformity assessment activity that is performed by a person or organization that has a user or purchaser interest in the object. 3.9.3 third party conformity assessment: Conformity assessment activity that is performed by a person or body that is independent of the person or organization th
26、at provides the object, and of the user or purchaser interests in that object. 3.10 cradle-to-gate: A term used to describe the LCA boundary encompassing the life cycle stages of raw material extraction and conversion to a bulk form or a generic shape. 3.11 criteria (air) pollutants: The 1970 amendm
27、ents to the Clean Air Act required EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for certain pollutants known to be hazardous to human health. EPA has identified and set standards to protect human health and welfare for six pollutants: ozone, carbon monoxide, total suspended particulates, sulfur
28、 dioxide, lead, and nitrogen oxide. The term, “criteria pollutants“ derives from the requirement that EPA must describe the characteristics and potential health and welfare effects of these pollutants. It is on the basis of these criteria that standards are set or revised. 5 3 Definitions (Continued
29、) 3.12 design for the environment (DFE): The systematic integration of environmental attributes into the design of products and processes. There are three unique characteristics of DFE: The entire life-cycle is considered; Point of application is clearly in the product realization; and Decisions are
30、 made using a set of values consistent with industrial ecology, integrative systems thinking or another framework. 3.13 ecosystem: The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings. 3.14 environment: The sum of all external conditions affecting the life,
31、development, and survival of an organism. 3.15 environmental aspect: An element of an organizations activities, products or services that can interact with the environment. 3.16 environmental policy: A statement by the organization of its intentions and principles in relation to its overall environm
32、ental performance, which provides a framework for action and for the setting of its environmental objectives and targets. 3.17 environmental management system: The part of a companys overall management system that includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, p
33、rocedures, processes, and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing, and maintaining the environmental policy. 3.18 forced labor: Compulsory prison or debt bondage labor. Lodging of deposits or identity papers by employers or outside recruiters for the purpose of restricting or pr
34、eventing the individual from leaving employment. 3.19 fossil fuel: Fuel derived from ancient organic remains. Some examples are peat, coal, crude oil, and natural gas. 3.20 gate-to-gate: A term used to describe the product boundary encompassing the fabrication and assembly of business and institutio
35、nal furniture. For purposes of the assessment, the entry gate is the receiving dock of the first facility where basic materials used in the manufacture of the furniture (e.g. steel, particleboard, fabric, laminate, etc.) begins the conversion to furniture components. The end gate is the shipping doc
36、k where the ready-to-install furniture is transported for distribution to the end user. The gate-to-gate assessment will include transportation of intermediate materials and components between facilities where more than one physical location is included in the manufacturing process. 3.21 greenhouse
37、gas (GHG): Gases related to human activities that accelerate the greenhouse effect (as defined in Credit 6.9.1). 6 3 Definitions (Continued) 3.22 hazardous substances (materials): Any substance that poses a threat to human health and/or the environment. Typical hazardous substances are toxic, corros
38、ive, ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. Any substance designated by EPA to be reported if a designated quantity of the substance is spilled in the waters of the United States or is otherwise released into the environment. 3.23 incidental presence: The presence of a regulated metal (e.g.,
39、cadmium, lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium) as an unintended or undesired ingredient of a package or packaging component. 3.24 legacy products: Business and institutional furniture products manufactured for sale prior to the publication date of this standard. 3.25 life cycle: The total impact of a
40、system, function, product, or service from the extraction of raw materials through its end-of-life management. 3.26 life cycle assessment (LCA): A tool for the systematic evaluation of the environmental aspects of a product or service system through all stages of its life cycle consistent with ISO 1
41、4040. An analytical tool to implement life cycle thinking, inclusive of both product and process. An LCA is generally quantitative and requires that the results be normalized to a functional unit. 3.27 life cycle inventory (LCI): A process of quantifying energy and raw material requirements, atmosph
42、eric emissions, waterborne emissions, solid wastes, and other releases for the entire life cycle of a product, process, or activity. 3.28 life cycle thinking: A conceptual approach that addresses environmental problems from a whole-systems or holistic perspective. The essential difference from an LC
43、A is that the results are not normalized to a functional unit, and the results may be expressed qualitatively or quantitatively. 3.29 maintenance chemical: A chemical not directly used in the manufacturing of the product (e.g., forklift engine oil). 3.30 package: A container providing a means of mar
44、keting, protection, or handling of a product and shall include a unit package, an intermediate package, and a shipping/transport container as defined in American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 996. “Package shall also mean and include such unsealed receptacles as carrying cases, crates,
45、cups, pails, rigid foil, and other trays, wrappers and wrapping films, bags, and tubs. 3.31 packaging component: Any individual assembled part of a package such as, but not limited to, any interior or exterior blocking, bracing, cushioning, weatherproofing, exterior strapping, coatings, closures, in
46、ks, and labels. 3.32 post-consumer: Generated by households, or by commercial, industrial, and institutional facilities in their role as end-users of the product, which can no longer be used for its intended purpose. This includes return of materials from the distribution chain. 7 3 Definitions (Con
47、tinued) 3.33 post-industrial (pre-consumer): Diverted from the waste stream during the manufacturing process. Excluded is reutilization of materials such as rework, regrind, or scrap generated in a process and capable of being reclaimed within the same process that generated it. 3.34 pollution: This
48、 is generally, the presence of a substance in the environment that because of its chemical composition or quantity prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable environmental and health effects. 3.35 process chemical: Used in the direct manufacturing of the product and is no
49、t intended to be incorporated into the product as shipped (e.g. prep solvent prior to powdercoat). 3.36 product chemical: Incorporated in or on the product as shipped (e.g. wood finish). 3.37 recovered material: Waste materials and byproducts that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste, but does not include materials and byproducts generated from, and commonly reused within, an original manufacturing process. 3.38 recyclable: Capable of minimizing waste generation by recovering and reprocessing usable products th
