1、PIA TS 135 v1.5 PIA TS-135, Revision 1.5, Issued August 28, 2011, Page 1 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committe
2、e, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or website for contact details. Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this d
3、ocument is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA r
4、eviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2008 Parachute Industry Association. Parachute Industry Association (PIA) TECHNICAL STANDARD 135 v1.5 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR P
5、ERSONNEL PARACHUTE ASSEMBLIES AND COMPONENTS 1. SCOPE: This document defines the performance standards for personnel parachute assemblies (and components thereof) to be carried in aircraft for emergency use by aircrew and those reserve parachutes worn by parachutists for intentional jumping. This do
6、cument covers three types of personnel carrying parachute assemblies and the operating limitations for each: 1.1 PARACHUTE TYPES: 1.1.1 Single harness reserve parachute assembly. 1.1.2 Single harness emergency parachute assembly. 1.1.3 Dual harness reserve parachute assembly. 1.2 MAXIMUM OPERATING L
7、IMITS, GENERAL: 1.2.1 A single harness parachute assembly (or components thereof) may be certified for any maximum operating weight and for any maximum pack opening speed equal to or greater than 150 KTAS (277.8 km/h). 1.2.2 A dual harness reserve parachute assembly (or components thereof) may be ce
8、rtified for any maximum operating weight greater than 500 lb (227.3 kg) (with 250 lb (113.6 kg) in each harness) and any maximum pack opening speed equal to or greater than 175 KTAS (324.1 km/h). Note that the maximum operating weight need not be the same for each harness. PIA TS 135 v1.5 PIA TS-135
9、, Revision 1.5, Issued August 28, 2011, Page 2 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street
10、, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or website for contact details. Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely volunt
11、ary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publ
12、ication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2008 Parachute Industry Association. 1.3 LIST OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS, TABLES AND FIGURES: Figure 1 Multiplier Factors for Structural Overload Testing Figur
13、e 2 Functional Direct Drop Tests Required per 4.3.8.1 Table 1 Data Marking Requirements Table 2 Human Factors and Actuation Force Tests Primary Actuation Device/Ripcord Table 3 Performance Test Requirements Table 4 Performance Test Requirements for Component Qualification 2. DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL
14、REQUIREMENTS 2.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS: For the purposes of this document, the following definitions are used: a. “Administrator” The FAA Administrator or equivalent chief executive of the cognizant agency and/or his designated subordinate personnel and/or designated subordinate organization acting on
15、 his behalf and with his authority in the matter concerned. b. “Airspeed, Calibrated“ (KCAS) means the indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level. c. “Airspeed, Equivalent“ (KEAS) m
16、eans the calibrated airspeed of an aircraft corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude. Equivalent airspeed is equal to calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level. d. “Airspeed, Indicated“ (KIAS) means the speed of an aircraft as shown on its pitot static airs
17、peed indicator calibrated to reflect standard atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow at sea level uncorrected for airspeed system errors. e. “Airspeed, True” (KTAS) means the airspeed relative to undisturbed air. True airspeed is equal to equivalent airspeed multiplied by (0/) . where 0 is the air d
18、ensity at standard day conditions and is the air density at the local altitude. f. “Approved“, unless used with reference to another person, means approved by the Administrator for use within the limits specified by the manufacturer and verified by compliance with the requirements of this standard.
19、g. “Canopy”- The part of the parachute that opens up and fills with air and provides the lift and/or drag required to decelerate the payload to the desired value. h. “Certified”, unless used with reference to another agency, means certified by the cognizant agency as having met the requirements of t
20、his standard. i. “Cognizant Agency” The governmental agency or other organization tasked with oversight or regulation of aviation activities within a given geographical area or country. e.g. the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) within the United States, the Joint Airworthiness Authorities (JAA)
21、 within the European Union and similar agencies worldwide. In some cases, the cognizant agency may delegate part or all of its authority to a subordinate agency such as a national aero club. j. “Drogue” A small aerodynamic decelerator towed behind a falling body to slow its velocity. k. “Manufacture
22、r” The person (or business/corporate entity) who controls the design and quality of the article produced including the parts of them, and any processes or services related to them that are procured from an outside source. l. “Main Assisted Reserve Deployment (MARD) device” An automatically releasabl
23、e connection between the main parachute and the reserve deployment system which uses a malfunctioned main canopy to speed reserve deployment upon breakaway. PIA TS 135 v1.5 PIA TS-135, Revision 1.5, Issued August 28, 2011, Page 3 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this pub
24、lication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or website for contact details. Disclaimer: This document i
25、s published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement ari
26、sing there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments
27、 and suggestions. Copyright 2008 Parachute Industry Association. m. “Parachute“ means a device used or intended to be used to retard the fall of a body or object through the air. n. “Parachutist in Command” means the person making a tandem jump who: (1) Has final authority and responsibility for the
28、 operation and safety of the jump; (2) Has been designated as parachutist in command before the jump; and (3) Holds the appropriate rating for the conduct of the jump. o. “Passenger parachutist” means a person who boards an aircraft, acting as other than the parachutist in command of a tandem parach
29、ute operation, with the intent of exiting the aircraft while in-flight using the forward harness of a dual harness tandem parachute system to descend to the surface. 2.1.1 MAJOR COMPONENTS: For purposes of this document a parachute assembly normally, but not exclusively, consists of the following ma
30、jor components: a. Deployment control device such as a sleeve, bag, diaper, or functional equivalent. b. Deployment initiation device (pilot chute, drogue, or functional equivalent) and bridle. c. Canopy(s) including suspension lines, reefing device, and connector links (if used). d. Riser(s), when
31、not integral with harness and/or canopy. e. Stowage container(s) or stowage pack(s). f. Harness (es). g. Primary actuation device (ripcord or functional equivalent). h. Reserve static line. i. Drogue canopy and bridle (if used with reserve and/or emergency parachutes). j. Drogue release device (if u
32、sed with reserve and/or emergency parachutes). 2.1.2 SINGLE HARNESS RESERVE PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY: A certified parachute assembly that is worn in conjunction with a main parachute assembly and used by one person for premeditated jumps. This includes, as applicable, the reserve deployment initiation dev
33、ice, deployment control device, canopy, risers, stowage container, harness, primary actuation device, and reserve static line. 2.1.3 DUAL HARNESS RESERVE PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY: A certified parachute assembly used for premeditated jumps by two people: a parachutist in command and a second parachutist (e
34、ach in his/her own harness), utilizing one main parachute assembly and one reserve parachute assembly. This assembly includes, as applicable, the reserve deployment initiation device, deployment control device, canopy, risers, stowage container, harness, primary actuation device, and reserve static
35、line. 2.1.4 MAIN PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY: A non-certified parachute assembly that is worn in conjunction with a certified reserve parachute assembly as the primary parachute (the one intended for use) for premeditated jumps. The main parachute assembly shall consist of the main container and all associat
36、ed parts of the main parachute that are not permanently attached to the certificated harness assembly. 2.1.5 SINGLE HARNESS EMERGENCY PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY: A certified parachute assembly that is worn by one person for emergency, (unpremeditated) use only. This assembly includes, as applicable, the dep
37、loyment initiation device, deployment control device, canopy, risers, stowage container, harness, and primary actuation device. PIA TS 135 v1.5 PIA TS-135, Revision 1.5, Issued August 28, 2011, Page 4 of 18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced wi
38、thout prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification Standards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or website for contact details. Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to pro
39、vide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement arising there from, is the sole
40、responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2
41、008 Parachute Industry Association. 2.1.6 FAILURE OF A PARACHUTE ASSEMBLY OR COMPONENT: The term “failure” in this document shall mean any change in a component or assembly that adversely affects its airworthiness. However, the use of consumable, frangible or single use parts shall be permitted in a
42、ll assemblies and shall not be considered a failure if they function as designed. 2.1.7 FUNCTIONALLY OPEN: Functionally open shall mean a parachute sufficiently deployed and inflated to provide a rate of descent of not more than 24 ft/s (7.3m/s). This condition may be demonstrated by video, film or
43、electronic data of the test in a manner determined by the manufacturer. 2.1.8 RESERVE STATIC LINE (RSL): A device connected to the main parachute assembly that is capable of actuating the reserve parachute assembly following a breakaway from the main canopy. 2.1.9 MAIN PARACHUTE BREAKAWAY DEVICE: A
44、device used by the parachutist in command to separate the main parachute from the harness of a single or dual-harness reserve parachute assembly. The parachutist in command shall be able to operate the main parachute breakaway device for dual harness reserve parachute assemblies. 2.1.10 MAXIMUM OPER
45、ATING WEIGHT (MOW): The maximum operating weight is the total (gross) weight of all individuals or dummies and their equipment including the parachute assembly itself. MOW is also known as the “placard weight”. 2.1.11 MAXIMUM PACK OPENING SPEED (MPOS): The maximum pack open speed in KTAS (knots true
46、 airspeed) is the maximum speed at which the (reserve/emergency) parachute pack (container) is designed to be opened. This definition specifically allows for the wearing of parachutes in freefall and/or in aircraft at speeds higher than the maximum pack opening speed. MPOS is also known as the “plac
47、ard speed”. NOTE: In order to provide an inherently greater margin of safety without requiring that tests be conducted at all possible altitudes, all test conditions in this document are stated in KEAS and that all maximum pack opening speeds are stated in KTAS. In the event that a manufacturer elec
48、ts to conduct further testing at higher altitudes, the placard limits may be changed to reflect any test conditions successfully conducted. 2.1.12 MINIMUM OPERATING WEIGHT (MinOW) The minimum operating weight is the lowest allowed total (gross) weight of an individual or dummy (or all individuals or
49、 dummies in the case of a tandem) and their equipment including the parachute assembly itself. The MinOW shall be specified by the manufacturer and may be any weight demonstrated to be appropriate by the manufacturer for the system. 2.1.13 SERVICE LIFE RESTRICTED ITEMS: Materials or products that, by design, are service life restricted for any reason (environmental, structural, chemical, etc.) may be used in any manner chosen by the manufacturer. Each such item must be ma
