1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2012 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AMS2447D AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AMS2447 REV. D Issued 1998-05 Revised 2
5、012-01 Superseding AMS2447C Coating, Thermal Spray High Velocity Oxygen/Fuel Process RATIONALE AMS2447D results from a Five Year Review and update of this specification. 1. SCOPE 1.1 Purpose This specification covers the requirements for thermal spray coatings applied using the high velocity oxygen
6、fuel (HVOF) combustion process. This specification is not intended to be used for duplex coatings, i.e., the application of the coating over a previously applied coating. 1.2 Application This process has been used typically to provide coatings of lower porosity and higher adhesive, and/or cohesive,
7、strength than generally attainable with typical plasma spray processes for applications requiring wear, heat, and corrosion resistance and for dimensional restoration, but usage is not limited to such applications. 1.3 Safety - Hazardous Materials While the materials, methods, applications, and proc
8、esses described or referenced in this specification may involve the use of hazardous materials, this specification does not address the hazards that may be involved in such use. It is the sole responsibility of the user to ensure familiarity with the safe and proper use of any hazardous materials an
9、d to take necessary precautionary measures to ensure the health and safety of all personnel involved. 1.4 Classification Type 1 - Coatings with no residual stress requirements Type 2 - Coatings where the residual stress state is specified 1.4.1 If no Type is specified Type 1 shall be provided. SAE A
10、MS2447D Page 2 of 11 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order forms a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of a document unless a specific document issue is specified.
11、 When the referenced document has been cancelled and no superseding document has been specified, the last published issue of that document shall apply. 2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)
12、or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. AMS4027 Aluminum Alloy, Sheet, and Plate, 1.0Mg - 0.060Si - 0.28Cu - 0.2Cr (6061; -T6 Sheet, -T651 Plate), Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated AMS4117 Aluminum Alloy, Rolled or Cold Finished Bars, Rods, and Wire and Flash Welded Rings, 1.0Mg - 0.60Si -
13、 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061; -T6, -T651), Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated AMS4911 Titanium Alloy, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 6Al - 4V, Annealed AMS4928 Titanium Alloy Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Drawn Shapes, 6Al - 4V, Annealed AMS5510 Steel, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip and Plat
14、e, 18Cr - 10.5Ni - 0.40Ti (SAE 30321), Solution Heat Treated AMS5596 Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, Foil and Plate, 52.5Ni - 19Cr - 3.0Mo - 5.1Cb (Nb) - 0.90Ti - 0.5Al - 18Fe, Consumable Electrode Remelted or Vacuum Induction Melted, 1775 F (968 C) Solution Heat Treated AM
15、S5645 Steel, Corrosion and Heat Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Tubing, and Rings, 18Cr - 10Ni - 0.40Ti (SAE 30321), Solution Heat Treated AMS5662 Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, and Rings, 52.5Ni - 19Cr - 3.0Mo - 5.1Cb (Nb) - 0.90Ti - 0.50Al - 18Fe, Consumable Electrode
16、 or Vacuum Induction Melted, 1775 F (968 C) Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation-Hardenable AMS7879 Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Powder, Cast and Crushed SAE J442 Test Strip, Holder, and Gage for Shot Peening 2.2 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, W
17、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM C 633 Adhesion or Cohesive Strength of Flame-Sprayed Coatings ASTM E 384 Microhardness of Materials 2.3 ASME Publications Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 22 Law Drive, P.O. Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2
18、900, Tel: 973-882-1170, www.asme.org. ASME B46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay) SAE AMS2447D Page 3 of 11 3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Equipment 3.1.1 Torch A specially constructed gun that uses combustion products to generate a high velocity gas stream for heating the coati
19、ng material to a molten or plasticized state and transfers the coating material to the work piece shall be used. 3.1.2 System The system shall be fitted with controls for adjusting and monitoring the gas(es) and fuel(s) used to operate the torch. 3.1.2.1 Indicating devices used as a system controls,
20、 as applicable to the process gases and fuels, shall have a minimum accuracy as follows: pressure gauges 1.5% of full scale; flow meters 2% of full scale. 3.1.3 Powder Feeder The powder feed system shall supply a metered flow of material. 3.2 Materials 3.2.1 Gases and Fuels Specifications chosen by
21、the processor to procure these materials shall be acceptable to purchaser. 3.2.2 Coating material shall conform to the specification referenced by the drawing or otherwise specified by purchaser. All powders shall be dry, free flowing and uniformly blended. 3.2.2.1 Coating Designation Coating specif
22、ication number and appropriate suffix number designate the material composition to be applied in accordance with Table 1, e.g., AMS2447-7 means the part shall be coated with 78W - 16Co - 5.1C powder. 3.3 Preparation 3.3.1 Cleaning Surfaces to be coated shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove moisture,
23、 oil, grease, dirt, scale, paint and other foreign material. Final cleaning shall take place no more than 4 hours prior to coating. Cleaning procedures shall not cause hydrogen embrittlement or cause other detrimental effects to materials to be coated. 3.3.2 Masking Parts shall be masked to protect
24、surfaces that are not to be coated. 3.3.3 Surface Conditioning Surfaces to be coated may be grit blasted with clean, dry, oil free grit. After grit blasting loose particles shall be removed from the surface by a dry filtered air blast, brushing with a clean nylon brush, or other applicable methods t
25、hat do not contaminate the prepared surface. A maximum average surface roughness of 150 microinches (3.81 microns) shall not be exceeded for Type 2 coatings. Surface finish measurements shall be made in accordance with ASME B46.1. SAE AMS2447D Page 4 of 11 3.4 Application 3.4.1 Preheating Surfaces t
26、o be coated shall be preheated as necessary to remove moisture. Preheating may be accomplished by use of the torch or by other suitable means. Maximum substrate temperature during preheating shall not exceed limits shown in 3.4.3. TABLE 1 - POWDER SPECIFICATION Coating Designation Typical Compositio
27、n Recommended Method of Manufacture Recommended Particle Size, Microns AMS2447-1 57Co - 25Cr - 10Ni - 7W Gas Atomized -45/+5 AMS2447-2 60Co - 29Mo - 8Cr - 3Si Gas Atomized -45/+10 AMS2447-3 69Cr - 20Ni - 11C (75Cr3C2- 25 Ni Cr) Sintered -53/+10 AMS2447-4 95Ni - 5Al (Alloyed Ni-Al) Gas Atomized -45/+
28、15 AMS2447-5 76Ni - 18Cr - 6Al (Alloyed Ni-Cr-Al) Gas Atomized -45/+15 AMS2447-6 60Ni - 19Cr - 18Fe - 3Mo Gas Atomized -53/+15 AMS2447-7 78W - 16Co - 5.1C (83WC - 17Co) Agglomerated Sintered -53/+10 AMS2447-8 82W - 11Co - 4.1C (88WC - 12Co, AMS7879) Cast -45/+5 AMS2447-9 82W - 10Co - 4Cr - 3.5C (86W
29、C - 10Co - 4Cr) Sintered -53/+10 AMS2447-10 86W - 10Ni - 3.5C (90WC - 10Ni) Cast -53/+10 3.4.2 Coating Coating material shall be deposited on the designated surface to a sufficient thickness to permit finishing to specified dimensions. Coating thickness requirements do not apply to areas designated
30、as optional coating areas. 3.4.2.1 Areas on which coating is optional shall, if coated, be prepared and handled in the same manner as the area on which coating is required. 3.4.2.2 Spray deposition shall be continuous, except for interruptions to measure coating thickness and/or for cooling cycles t
31、o maintain part below maximum allowable temperature. 3.4.3 Substrate Temperature Unless otherwise specified, maximum temperature of the substrate during preheating and coating application shall not exceed the temperatures shown in Table 2. SAE AMS2447D Page 5 of 11 TABLE 2 - MAXIMUM SUBSTRATE TEMPER
32、ATURE Part Basis Material Temperature Aluminum Alloys 250 F (121 C) Magnesium Alloys 350 F (176 C) Steel, Including Corrosion Resistant Alloys 350 F (177 C) Nickel and Cobalt Alloys 400 F (204 C) Titanium Alloys 350 F (177 C) 3.4.3.1 Temperature Measurement Temperature measurement shall be made util
33、izing equipment with a response time of less than 1 second, a resolution of 1 C minimum, and capable of monitoring part temperature during the coating process. Paragraph 8.2 provides one suggested type of equipment. The measurement location shall be within the coated area of the part and may be foll
34、owing the plume of the torch or may be at a fixed location. If the measurement technique or measurement locations are not possible or practical on the subject part, then an appropriate method shall be agreed upon by the purchaser and processor. 3.4.4 Test Specimens Specimens shall be coated using th
35、e process procedures identified on the Coating Process Control Factors Sheet, Figure 1, for the parts they represent. For Type 2 coatings temperature of all test specimens shall be maintained within 50 F (28 C) of the temperature maintained during the spraying of the parts represented unless otherwi
36、se specified by the purchaser. 3.4.4.1 Specimen Material Unless otherwise specified by purchaser, test specimens shall be made from the materials as listed in Table 3. TABLE 3 - TEST SPECIMEN MATERIAL Part Basis Material Bond Strength Specimen Metallographic and Bend Specimen Aluminum and Magnesium
37、Alloys AMS4117 AMS4027 Nickel and Cobalt Alloys AMS5662 AMS5596 All Steels AMS5645 AMS5510 Titanium and Titanium Alloys AMS4928 AMS4911 3.5 Surface Finishing Procedures for finishing shall be as agreed upon by purchaser and processor. 3.6 Properties 3.6.1 Adhesion 3.6.1.1 Bend Test Specimens prepare
38、d and tested in accordance with 3.7.1 shall not show separation of the coating from the substrate, when examined visually without magnification. Cracking of the coating and minimal separation at the edges of the specimen shall be considered acceptable. SAE AMS2447D Page 6 of 11 FIGURE 1 - COATING PR
39、OCESS CONTROL FACTORS SHEET SAE AMS2447D Page 7 of 11 3.6.1.2 Bond Strength Specimens, prepared and tested in accordance with 3.7.2, shall comply with the requirements shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 - COATING PROPERTIES Coating Designation Minimum Hardness OxidesMax% Voids Max% Quantity of Unmelts Max Bo
40、nd Strength Min, ksi (MPa) AMS2447-1 400 (HV100) 5 1 5 8 (56) AMS2447-2 500 (HV300) 2 1 2 9 (64) AMS2447-3 800 (HV300) 2 1 - 10 (70) AMS2447-4 275 (HV100) 2 1 3 8 (70) AMS2447-5 350 (HV100) 2 1 3 8 (56) AMS2447-6 375 (HV300) 5 1 3 9 (64) AMS2447-7 1050 (HV300) 1 1 - 10 (70) AMS2447-8 1000 (HV300) 1
41、1 - 10 (70) AMS2447-9 1050 (HV300) 1 1 - 10 (70) AMS2447-10 1000 (HV300) 1 1 - 10 (70) 3.6.2 Coating Hardness Specimens, prepared and tested in accordance with 3.7.3 shall comply with the requirements shown in Table 4. 3.6.3 Microstructure The coating on a suitably prepared cross-sectioned specimen
42、shall be free from cracks and free from coating-to-substrate separation. Microstructural properties shall be evaluated in accordance with the following: 3.6.3.1 Voids and oxides shall not be greater than as specified in Table 4 in any field of view (approximately 0.02 inch (0.51 mm) in length) when
43、examined at 400X minimum magnification on the cross-sectioned specimen. 3.6.3.2 Quantities of unmelted particles shall be not greater than as specified in Table 4 in any field of view (approximately 0.04 inch (1.0 mm) in length) when viewed at 200X minimum magnification on the cross-sectioned specim
44、en. Unmelted particles shall have a minor diameter greater than or equal to 0.002 inch (0.051 mm) and have an aspect ratio less than 1.5 to 1 unless a larger ratio is acceptable to the cognizant engineering organization. 3.6.3.3 Interface Contamination of the coating/substrate interface with surface
45、 preparation media shall not exceed 10% in any field of view (approximately 0.04 inch (1.0 mm) in length) when viewed at 200X minimum magnification on the cross-sectioned specimen. 3.6.4 Residual Stress For Type 2 coatings, Almen strip arc height requirements shall be as defined on the engineering d
46、rawing. 3.7 Test Methods 3.7.1 Bend Test Test panels (Table 3) approximately 0.05 x 1.0 x 3.0 inches (1.3 x 25 x 76 mm) shall be coated on one side to a thickness of 0.001 to 0.003 inch (0.025 to 0.076 mm). Panels shall be tested by being bent around a 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) diameter bar, with the coate
47、d surface on the outside of the bend, at a rate of approximately 10 degrees per second. Panels shall be bent to obtain a minimum 90 degree permanent set. For tungsten carbide coating applied to titanium basis material specimens, the coupon can be prone to fracture during bend test. Such a result wil
48、l not be considered a failure. SAE AMS2447D Page 8 of 11 3.7.2 Bond Strength Test specimens (Table 3) approximately 1.0 inch (25 mm) in diameter by 2.0 inches (51 mm) long, shall be coated to a thickness of 0.008 to 0.012 inch (0.2 to 0.3 mm). Specimens shall be prepared and tested in accordance wit
49、h ASTM C 633. 3.7.3 Microhardness Test specimens, approximately 0.05 x 1.0 x 3.0 inches (1.3 x 25 x 76 mm) shall be coated on one side to a minimum thickness of 0.008 inch (0.20 mm). The hardness shall be the average of a minimum of ten evenly spaced Vickers indentations determined in accordance with ASTM E 384. 3.7.4 Residual Stress Residual Stress measurement applies only to Type 2 coatings. Almen strip specimen
