1、AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONAMS2681 REV. B Issued 1982-10 Revised 2000-03 Reaffirmed 2014-07 Superseding AMS2681A Welding, Electron-Beam RATIONALE AMS2681B has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five year review policy. _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is publ
2、ished by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technica
3、l report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2014 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitte
4、d, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB
5、ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AMS2681B 1. SCOPE:1.1 Purpose: This specification defines the procedures and requirements for joining metals and alloys using the electron-beam (EB) weld
6、ing process.1.2 Application: These procedures are used typically for electron-beam welding of aerospace components in soft to hard vacuum atmospheres, but usage is not limited to such applications. EB welding for fatigue critical applications should be performed in accordance with AMS 2680.2. APPLIC
7、ABLE DOCUMENTS:The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order form a part of thisspecification to the extent specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of adocument unless a specific document issue is specified. When the referenced document has
8、 beencanceled and no superseding document has been specified, the last published issue of that documentshall apply.2.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.AMS 2630AMS 2631AMS 2632AMS 2680Ultrasonic Inspection, Product over 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) ThickU
9、ltrasonic Inspection, Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bar and Billet Ultrasonic Inspection of Thin Materials, 0.50 inch (12.7 mm) and Thinner in Cross-Sectional ThicknessElectron Beam Welding, For Fatigue Critical ApplicationsARP1317ARP1333Electron Beam WeldingNondestructive Testing of Electron Beam Wel
10、ded Joints in Titanium-Base AlloysSAE INTERNATIONAL AMS2681B Page 2 of 10 2.2 ASTM Publications: Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM E 1417 Liquid Penetrant ExaminationASTM E 1444 Magnetic Particle ExaminationASTM E 1742 Radiographic Examination2.3 U.S.
11、Government Publications: Available from DODSSP, Standardization Documents Order Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.MIL-STD-1595 Qualification of Aircraft, Missile, and Aerospace Fusion Welders2.4 AIA Publications: Available from National Standards Association, Inc., 1
12、250 Eye Street, Washington, D.C. 20014.NAS 976 Electron Beam Welding Machine3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS:3.1 Materials: 3.1.1 Parent Materials: Shall be as specified on the applicable part drawing. (See ARP1317 for guidelines.)3.1.2 Filler Materials: When required, filler metal shall be as specified on
13、 the part drawing.3.1.3 Cleaning Materials: Cleaning materials, chemical solvents, and etching solutions shall be as specified on the part drawing or in the certified welding schedule.3.2 Equipment: 3.2.1 Electron-Beam Welding Equipment: Shall be capable of producing welds meeting the requirements o
14、f 3.6 and 3.7. Equipment conforming to NAS 976 shall be acceptable.3.2.2 Jigs and Fixtures: All holding fixtures shall be capable of maintaining the desired configuration and tolerances during welding, providing back-up as required, and allowing required work space between the work piece and the ele
15、ctron gun. Back-up material used to deflect or absorb residual electron-beam energy shall be of the same alloy as the part being welded except that alternate back-up materials may be used when approved by procedure certification as in 3.4.2. Tooling within 6 inches (152 mm) of the weld joint shall b
16、e made from nonmagnetic materials or be degaussed to acceptable limits (See 3.2.3).SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS2681B Page 3 of 10 3.2.3 Degaussing: Ferromagnetic materials and tooling shall, prior to welding, be demagnetized to a level established by procedure certification (3.4.2) which prevents electron-
17、beam deflections while welding the joint.3.3 Preparation: Joint and surface preparation, prior to welding, shall be as follows and shall be included as part of the approved procedure certification:3.3.1 Joint Preparation: Joints shall be prepared to conform to requirements specified on the part draw
18、ing.3.3.2 Edge Preparation: Edges shall be machined square and parallel to ensure proper fit-up. Joints shall have no rounded-off edges, but shall be deburred after machining. (See ARP1333 for guidelines.)3.3.3 Pre-Weld Fit-Up: Gap shall not exceed the limits shown in Table 1, unless otherwise speci
19、fied on the certified weld schedule:3.3.4 Weld Start and Run-Off Tabs: Tabs, when used, shall be of the same alloy as the detail parts being welded and shall be cleaned in the same manner as the parts. Tabs shall be integral with the part, either being machined in, or welded to, the part pieces prio
20、r to assembly.3.3.5 Surface Preparation: Prior to welding surfaces of parts shall be prepared using a suitable cleaning agent and method, consistent with the alloys being welded. If solvents are used on titanium alloys, they must be nonhalogenated. Welding should commence within 40 hours after surfa
21、ce preparation, unless otherwise permitted or restricted by purchaser.3.3.5.1 After surface preparation, parts shall be handled in the joint area with clean, lint-free gloves and shall be covered or otherwise protected to prevent contamination.TABLE 1 - Gap LimitsThickness Gap, maxUp to 0.009 inch (
22、0.23 mm), incl 5% of joint thicknessOver 0.009 to 0.061 inch(0.23 to 1.55 mm), incl 10% of joint thicknessOver 0.061 to 1.49 inch(1.55 to 37.8 mm), incl Not to exceed 0.010 inch(0.25 mm)Over 1.49 inch (37.8 mm) Not to exceed 0.005 inch(0.13 mm)SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS2681B Page 4 of 10 3.3.6 Accessory
23、Equipment Preparation: Jigs, fixtures, and measuring devices shall be free of scale, grease, protective coatings, oxides, dust, oil, and other foreign materials detrimental to the welding process.3.4 Procedure: 3.4.1 Electron beam weld operators shall be certified. Unless other methods are specified
24、 by purchaser, operators certified in accordance with MIL-STD-1595 shall be acceptable.3.4.1.1 Personnel performing welding in accordance with this specification shall be qualified under the cognizance and supervision of the designated welding activity and approved by the cognizant quality control a
25、ctivity. Qualified personnel shall be assigned a stamp with a number or symbol that shall be used to identify all weldments made by such personnel.3.4.1.2 An operator undergoing qualification testing may weld a certification plate in accordance with 3.4.2 according to a pre-established schedule as p
26、art of the test.3.4.2 Procedure Certification: Prior to production, a separate weld schedule shall be established for each joint and alloy or alloy combination to be welded. The schedule shall be prepared for each alloy, penetration, weld joint configuration, and for each cosmetic pass configuration
27、, if required, showing all applicable items listed in Table 3.3.4.2.1 Tacking/Locking Passes: A tack weld or locking pass may be used to restrict relative motion in the weld assembly prior to the first full penetration pass. Weld schedule certification of a tack weld or locking pass is not required
28、provided all of the tack welds are consumed by the penetration pass.3.4.2.1.1 A tacking pass, other than a full-penetration pass and made with a power density setting substantially reduced from the certified settings, may be used over any portion of the weld joint up to and including the full length
29、 of the weld.3.4.2.1.2 A full-penetration tacking pass using certified parameters may be utilized but shall not exceed 10% of the weld joint length. This locking pass shall terminate in the starting or stopping tabs, when applicable.3.4.2.2 Cosmetic Pass: Cosmetic passes for bead appearance improvem
30、ent may be applied at any time after completion of the initial full-penetration pass. Cosmetic passes, if used, shall be certified in accordance with 3.4.2.3.4.3 Procedure Recertification: Recertification of weld schedules shall be required for failed test welds and when any change is made to the fo
31、llowing parameters:3.4.3.1 When a change is made in parent metal composition or a change in thickness in excess of 10% (not applicable to cosmetic-pass-weld configuration).SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS2681B Page 5 of 10 3.4.3.2 When a change is made in joint design (not applicable to cosmetic-passweld confi
32、guration), but not necessarily after changes in length of joint.3.4.3.3 When the welding position (relationship between the gun angle and the work angle) is changed.3.4.3.4 When a change is made in any one of the machine settings (items 1, 10, 12, 15 through 21 and 25 of Table 3).3.4.3.4.1 The use o
33、f the beam-deflection switch, item 20 of Table 3, need not be considered when used for the purpose of scanning or beam alignment.3.4.3.5 When a machine other than the machine used for weld procedure certification tests is used.3.4.4 Production Welding: Production parts shall be welded in accordance
34、with the parameters established in the certified weld schedule of 3.4.2.3.4.4.1 Welding Environment: Electron-beam welding shall be performed in a vacuum at a partial pressure not exceeding 1 x 10-3Torr (0.133 Pa). Venting the chamber after welding shall not occur less than two minutes after complet
35、ion of welding, unless otherwise established in the procedure certification.3.4.5 Marking and Identification: Each weld shall be traceable to the date of welding and identifiable to the welding operator, and shall be recorded, unless waived by purchaser.3.4.6 Rework: A rework shall be a full or part
36、ial electron-beam penetration weld accomplished subsequent to the full-penetration weld. Rework of imperfections, such as cosmetic passes for correction of underfill, as well as full-penetration passes for correction of a missed joint, and other defects may be accomplished by electron-beam welding i
37、n accordance with a certified welding schedule. Restarting of the electron beam after an arc-out shall not be classified as a rework but the reason, location, and method shall be recorded.3.5 Post Treatment: 3.5.1 Finishing: Post weld machining of face or root surfaces, or both, shall be as describe
38、d on the applicable part drawing and/or the certified weld schedule. Postweld blending shall not decrease material thickness by more than 10% of joint thickness, or more than 5% of the maximum depth of penetration for partial penetration welds.3.5.2 Heat Treatment: Weldments requiring heat treatment
39、 shall be processed in accordance with part drawing requirements.3.6 Properties: Specimens taken from test plates, actual parts, or simulated parts produced for procedure certification as in 3.4.2 shall conform to the following requirements:SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS2681B Page 6 of 10 3.6.1 Metallurgical
40、 Examination for Soundness, and Bead Shape: 3.6.1.1 Macro-sections of the weld shall conform to the minimum requirements of the part drawing for weld size, location, length, and configuration. Sections shall be taken transverse and parallel to the weld direction and shall be examined at 10X magnific
41、ation. 3.6.1.2 Certification test welds shall meet all requirements of the part drawing and 3.7.3.7 Quality: All electron-beam welds shall be subjected to visual inspection at 10X magnification and, when specified, to radiographic inspection in accordance with ASTM E 1742 or MIL-STD-453, to ultrason
42、ic inspection in accordance with AMS 2630 or AMS 2632 or, for titanium and titanium alloys, AMS 2631, to fluorescent penetrant inspection in accordance with ASTM E 1417, to magnetic particle inspection in accordance with ASTM E 1444, or to any combination thereof, and shall conform to the following
43、requirements:3.7.1 Color: The weld bead and adjacent parent metal shall have a color similar to that of the unwelded parent metal. Discoloration due to vapor deposition occurring during welding is acceptable. Areas that exhibit loose spatter shall be mechanically cleaned to remove loose particles. C
44、osmetic passes shall not be used to change color.3.7.1.1 In the case of titanium alloys, this color shall be a bright silver or light straw-colored in appearance; blue-gray or gray discoloration or the presence of loose scale is not acceptable.3.7.2 Penetration: Joints shall show evidence of complet
45、e penetration on fillet welds, tee welds, and butt welds. Penetration for tube welds shall be as specified on the part drawing. In all other cases, weld root reinforcement shall not exceed 1T or 0.070 inch (1.78 mm), whichever is less, except as otherwise specified by the certified weld procedure. W
46、eld reinforcement shall blend evenly into the adjacent base metal with no sharp notches.3.7.3 Incomplete Fusion: Incomplete fusion or missed joints are not acceptable. Fillet welds shall show complete fusion at the root of the joint.3.7.4 Cracks: Cracks are not acceptable.3.7.5 Voids and Pores: Void
47、s and pores open to the surface are not acceptable unless they are subsequently to be removed by machining or blending.3.7.6 Underfill and Concave Root Surfaces: The cumulative depths of underfill of face and root surfaces shall not exceed the post-weld machining allowances specified on the part dra
48、wing. The allowable underfill for each surface not machined after welding shall be 10% of the joint thickness or as specified on the drawing.3.7.7 Undercut and Root Notches: Where permissible, shall not exceed engineering drawing tolerances. When not specifically noted, undercut or root notches shal
49、l not exceed 10% of material thickness total and shall be blended to have not less than 0.06 inch (1.5 mm) root radius.SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS2681B Page 7 of 10 3.7.8 Overlaps: Protrusion of weld metal beyond the toe, face, or root of the weld is not acceptable.3.7.9 Mismatch: Shall not exceed the limits shown in Table 2.3.7.10 Internal Discontinuity Limits: 3.7.10.1 Maximum Pore Diameter: The following limits apply to aluminum, titanium, iron
