1、 RATIONALE This document has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE 5-Year Review policy. SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability
2、 and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggesti
3、ons. Copyright 2007 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A D
4、OCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE ARP*4927 75 7943725 053L7b3 YI0 2 - INVESTIGATION 3 - DEFINITION 4 - VALIDATION WHAT IS THE NEW REOUIREMENT? WHAT ARE THE EX
5、PECTED BENEFITS? 4.3 13 1 NOA WHAT ARE THE DESIRED FUNCTIONS? CONSTRAINTS AND FUNCTIONS PROPERLY DEFINED? WHAT ARE THE THE CONSTRAINTS? WHAT ARE THE CREW TASKS? I WHAT ARE THE SYSTEM OUTPUTS? I *.l I REVIEW OF AVAILABLE SYSTEMS SAE ARP4927 1 - REQUIREMENTS 5 - SOLUTION FIGURE 1 - Systems Integration
6、 Decision Matrix FOR EACH SOLUTION I YES new methods of performing a function, e.g., data link position report in lieu of a voice report; new technology which can improve safety and/or ease workload, e.g., predictive windshear system. The requirement should be clearly and succinctly stated at this p
7、oint. will serve as the title of a subsequent report. It A. 1.2 What are the Expected Benefits? Identification of the desired benefits will help the evaluator define the functions and later select the optimal solution. Things to consider i ncl ude : a. Safety b. Cost c. Work1 oad d. Maintainability
8、e. Reliability f. Incidental benefits A.1.3 What are the Desired Functions? Describe the top level functions associated with the new requirement will serve as an outline for the later definition of constraints and tasks. Things to consider include: a. b. What are the subfunctions involved? c. d. Whi
9、ch of the main pilot functions of aviate, navigate and commun are i nvol ved? Are they affected by phase of flight? Are there related functions to consider? eval uat ion. Perhaps as a parallel This crew cate e. How are existing functions affected? Replaced, modified, duplicated. f. Are there any ant
10、icipated future functions? -3- COPYRIGHT SAE International (Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE ARP*4927 95 7943725 0533765 293 SAE ARP4927 A.1.4 A.1.5 A.1.6 What are the Constraints? Describe the things that will constrain the available and/or optimum i
11、ntegration of the new requirement. Things to consider include: a. Regulatory issues b. Timetable c. cost d. Physical issues (1) Existing equipment (2) Ergonomics e. Environment (e.g., turbulence, heat) What are the Crew Tasks? Describe the crew tasks in enough detail to develop candidate solutions f
12、or integration. Crew inputs should be identified. Things to consider i ncl ude: a. Normal and non-normal conditions b. Information re-adouts c. Thought processes d. Task distribution e. Internal communication f. Automated tasks - normal and non-normal g . Inputs - control s, switches, keyboards What
13、 are the System Outputs? Describe the expected outputs from the system for each of the functions identified in A.1.3. These include cockpit as well as external outputs. Things to consider include: a. Cockpit displays, printer, lights, etc. b. External transmissions c. Alerts d. Failure messages A.2
14、INVESTIGATION: The evaluator must know what he/she has to work with before integration solutions can be hypothesized and then developed. -4- COPYRIGHT SAE International (Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesI SAE ARP4927 A.2.1 Review of Available Systems: Des
15、cribe the existing cockpit equipment impacted by the new requirement. Survey new equipment which is on the market or under development which may be considered to meet the new requirement. Things to consider include: a. b. C. d. e. f. g. h. Are there existing controls, displays, and alerts which are
16、used for similar functions and tasks? Are there controls, displays, and alerts which are made obsolete by the new requirements? Are there similar thought processes for other functions on the flight deck? What controls and displays are the vendors of new or developing equipment proposing for the new
17、requirement? What are the new alerting functions? What are the new space and mounting requirements? What are the new power, cooling, and lighting requirements? What is the maintainability, reliability, and robustness of the equipment? A.3 DEFINITION: This is where it all comes together. information
18、candidate solutions can be identified, refined, and then val idated. By using the previously identified A.3.1 Identify Candidate Solutions: An evaluation should be made of the changes necessary to meet the new requirement. several others with increasing levels of modification. tasks should be used t
19、o determine what modifications are necessary to existing equipment and what equipment needs to be replaced or added. Things to consider include: There should be a solution with minimum modification and then The listing of crew a. Human factors (1) Work1 oad under normal and non-normal conditions (2)
20、 Ease of operation (3) Viewability and accessibility (4) Emergency operation (5) Consistency (6) (7) Would the modifications complicate the previously required tasks? Has someone else solved the problem and can it be applied to this cockpit? Can the proposed new equipment be located in an appropriat
21、e location for the required tasks? (1) Does it obstruct the pilots external field of view? (2) Does it obscure another cockpit instrument or device? (3) (4) Does it allow ease of maintenance? Likelihood and consequences of crew error No ambiquity if used for multiple functions b. c. Are the existing
22、 normal and non-normal procedures effected? d. e. Does it restrict the freedom of the pilots and the controls? Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE ARP4927 A.3.1 (Continued): f. 9. h. i. j. k. 1. m. n. O. P- q. r. t. S. (5) Do other tasks need to be performed at the same time? Can the tasks
23、be integrated efficiently? How many control/display units are required? (1) Do both pilots need regular/easy access to the units? (2) When one pilot is out of his/her seat would access be necessary, occasionally or in an emergency, from the other seat? (3) Is there sufficient space to fit a centrall
24、y accessible unit? What provisions are necessary for day and night visibility? What is appropriate power source for the equipment and lighting if separate? What is the effect of power switching and power transients? What are the certification requirements? What are the redundancy requirements? What
25、are the MMEL implications? Will the new equipment be a NO GO item or will the MMEL need to be changed to allow dispatch with this function inoperative? What are the appropriate mode annunciations alerts and warnings? Are they compatible with existing systems? Are phase of flight inhibits required? D
26、oes the system have open architecture - Can it be easily modified/upgraded in the future? What is the effect on the aircraft Failure Mode Analysis? What are the operation and/or AFM limitations? What simulator modifications are required? What training is necessary to use the equipment? Has the manuf
27、acturer made provisions to fit this equipment at initial build or is there a standard aircraft manufacturers mod i fi cat i on? A.4 VALIDATION: In this phase, each of the candidate solutions are compared to the requirements. This may be an iterative process where both the requirements and the soluti
28、on may be better defined. A.4.1 For Each Solution: Each solution should be evaluated, modified, and eventually discarded or retained as a viable solution. A.4.2 Does the Solution Satisfy Crew Tasks, Constraints, and Desired Functions? During the initial iteration, the evaluator should expect the can
29、didate solution to completely satisfy the identified requirements. If it does not, the evaluator should answer “No“ and proceed to A.4.3. During subsequent iterations, the evaluator may choose to identify limitations of the solution while answering “Yes“. If the limitations are not acceptable, the c
30、andidate solution should be discarded. -6- Licensed by Information Handling Services SAE ARPx4727 75 7943725 0533768 TT2 The remaining solutions either meet all the requirements or have limitations identified. in the selection. A cost benefit analysis should be done to assist At least the following
31、factors should be considered in I l the selection of the optimum solution. Things to consider include: SAE ARP4927 I I A.4.3 Are the Tasks, Constraints, and Functions Properly Defined? The integration process may identify the need to clarify, change, or add to the functions, constraints, and crew ta
32、sks. Any change to these requirements will obviously impact any succeeding steps in the matrix. new definition is not required, the candidate solution should be re-examined and modifications redefined. If I A.4.4 Have All Solutions Been Considered? The integration and validation process should be co
33、ntinued until all sol utions have been considered. I A.5 SOLUTION: At this point an optimum solution should be selected from the candidate sol ut ions remai ni ng . a. How well are the requirements met? b. Will the expected benefits be achieved? c. Human factors (1) Work1 oad (2) Ease of operation (
34、3) Viewabil ity (4) Emergency operat i on (5) Consistency (1) Value engineering (2) (3) Training (4) Maintenance (5) User fees (6) Time line (7) Certification by Airworthiness Authorities d. Cost Re1 i abi 1 i ty/MTBF e. Effect/impact on other systems -7- COPYRIGHT SAE International (Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc)Licensed by Information Handling Services
