1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2012 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP5677 AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARP5677 Issued 2012-12 Human Engineering C
5、onsiderations for Airborne Implementation of Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems RATIONALE The use of enhanced visual scene content as both a tool to increase situation awareness and as a sole flight guidance display has increased and will continue to increase. Correct implementation of these types of
6、 displays is essential and critical to safe operation. SAE G-10 Aerospace Behavior Engineering Technology (ABET) Committee, specifically the Enhanced Vision/Synthetic Vision (EV/SV) Subcommittee, has been tasked to provide implementation document guidance associated with the human interface consider
7、ations in the design, development and implementation of enhanced synthetic vision systems. FOREWORD This document identifies the recommended human engineering best practices in the design and implementation of Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems (ESVS). It draws from ARD50019A, Human Engineering Issue
8、s for Enhanced Vision Systems and other applicable ESVS data including developmental flight evaluations and fielded data. This document is intended to provide a central source for recommending human engineering applications concerning ESVS and as an aid for development, design and implementation. DE
9、FINITION An enhanced synthetic vision system (ESVS) generates and displays visual imagery based upon real-time sensor data, fused (integrated into), not “overlayed on” as in a Combined Vision System (CVS) implementation, with a data-based computer-generated image representing the out-of-the-cockpit
10、view of terrain and selected scene data. The sensor(s) is/are designed to provide useable imagery in degraded environmental visual conditions that enhances the capability of unaided human vision, while the computer generated scene is unaffected by environmental conditions. SAE ARP5677 Page 2 of 32 T
11、ABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 4 2. REFERENCES 4 2.1 Applicable Documents 4 2.1.1 SAE Publications . 4 2.2 Other Applicable References 5 2.3 Regulatory Publications 6 2.4 Definition of Terms 6 2.5 Acronyms and Abbreviations 10 3. ASSUMPTIONS 11 4. DESIGN OBJECTIVES . 12 4.1 Concept of Operations/Intended
12、 Use . 12 4.1.1 Intended Functions . 12 4.1.2 Intended Uses . 12 4.1.3 Display Used for Flight Maneuvering 13 4.1.4 Display Used for Surface Maneuvering 14 4.1.5 Display Used for Monitoring 14 5. DISPLAY METHOD 15 5.1 Egocentric Versus Exocentric or Allocentric . 15 5.2 Additional Display Content 15
13、 5.3 Symbology 15 5.4 Moding Control and Annunciation . 15 6. ESVS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 16 6.1 Egocentric Versus Exocentric and Allocentric 16 6.2 Spatial Awareness Biases 16 6.3 Display Size 16 6.3.1 FOV and FOR . 16 6.3.2 Scaling 17 6.3.3 Image Considerations . 17 6.3.4 Resolution . 17 6.3.5 Lumi
14、nance and Contrast . 18 6.3.6 Masking . 18 6.3.7 Update Rates 18 6.3.8 ESVS Image Quality . 19 6.3.9 Depiction of Obstacles 20 6.3.10 ESVS Sensor Issues . 20 6.3.11 ESVS Database Issues . 21 6.3.12 Registration (HUD/HMD) 22 7. SENSORS/IMAGE SOURCE . 23 7.1 Placement - Parallax . 23 7.2 Database (SV)
15、 . 23 7.3 Image and Data Fusion . 23 7.3.1 Data Fusion (Enhanced) Image Information . 24 7.3.2 Sensor (Image) Fusion (Enhanced) Information 24 7.4 Guidance . 24 7.4.1 Pilotage-Derived Guidance . 24 7.4.2 Cue Driven Guidance 25 7.4.3 Unusual Attitude/Upset Recognition and Recovery 25 7.5 Cockpit Inte
16、gration 25 7.6 Cockpit Control 25 SAE ARP5677 Page 3 of 32 8. WORKLOAD IMPLICATIONS . 26 8.1 Effect of image on Pilot Workload . 26 8.2 System/Sensor Control . 26 8.3 Crew Coordination Requirements . 26 9. SYSTEM SAFETY 26 9.1 Alerting/Annunciation 26 10. TRAINING FOR USE 27 10.1 Training Currency .
17、 27 10.1.1 Initial Training 27 10.2 Recurrent Training 27 10.2.1 Differences Training 27 10.2.2 Training Media 28 11. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE TESTING 28 11.1 System Operational Test and Evaluation . 28 11.2 Test Conditions . 28 11.3 System Operational Evaluation Pilots . 29 11.4 Use of Integrated System
18、Flight Evaluation(s) . 29 11.5 Methodology and Criteria (Qualitative Versus Quantitative) . 29 11.6 Workload Assessment 29 11.7 Crew roles and Responsibilities 29 11.8 Situation Awareness (SA) Assessment 30 12. NOTES 30 SAE ARP5677 Page 4 of 32 1. SCOPE 1.1 SCOPE The scope of this document is limite
19、d to Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems ESVS human factors considerations and requirements in comprehension, interpretation and application of imagery and integrated symbology in Enhanced (sensor) and Synthetic (database) Vision Systems in aircraft. Any overlap into logic problems or hardware/softwar
20、e design should be considered to be incidental to the human factors issues. Where the performance characteristics of specific technologies are relevant they will be identified, and where performance criteria are relevant to specific intended functions/use they will be identified. From a regulatory v
21、iew, intended function (Guidance or Information/Situation Awareness support) has a tremendous effect upon the design of an ESV System. However from a Human Engineering standpoint, the information on a display must be discernible and comprehensible to the human operator in both cases and differences
22、may be primarily in information content (required to support a specific task). This document attempts to be independent of candidate technologies and concentrate on human interface criteria. Consideration of NVG use in a cockpit equipped with ESVS is beyond the scope of this document, but it should
23、be noted that there will be significant integration/interaction issues such as black level limits and use of DTED data simultaneous with NVS. This document does not include consideration of detection and/or display of air targets or integration of systems such as TCAS. 1.2 Purpose This document is a
24、 compilation of human factors recommended practices in the design of ESVS. It may be updated to reflect research and development results and as the technology improves and applications expand, the coverage of the document will be expanded. 2. REFERENCES A full bibliography has been compiled and is a
25、ttached as Appendix A. 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the
26、event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE Internat
27、ional, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. ARP571 Flight Deck Controls and Displays for Communication and Navigation Equipment for Transport Aircraft AS580 Pilot Visibility from the Flight Deck: Desi
28、gn Objectives for Commercial Transport Aircraft ARP1068 Flight Deck Instrumentation, Display Criteria and Associated Controls for Transport Aircraft AIR1093 Numeral, Letter and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument Displays ARP1782 Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne
29、 Direct View CRT Displays ARP1874 Design Objectives for CRT Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircraft SAE ARP5677 Page 5 of 32 ARP4032 Human Engineering Considerations in the Application of Color to Electronic Aircraft Displays ARP4102 Flight Deck Panels, Controls, and Displays ARP4107 Aerospace Glo
30、ssary for Human Factors Engineers ARP4155 Human Interface Design Methodology for Integrated Display Symbology ARP4256 Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircraft ARP4761 Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems a
31、nd Equipment ARP5056 Flight Crew Interface Considerations in the Flight Deck Design Process for Part 25 Aircraft ARP5288 Transport Category Airplane Head Up Display (HUD) Systems AS8034 Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays AS8055 Minimum Performance Standard for
32、 Airborne Head Up Display (HUD) ARD50019 Human Engineering Issues for Enhanced Vision Systems 2.2 Other Applicable References ADS-33, Handling Quality Ratings AFRL Report WL-TR-95-3074, Subjective Image Quality Comparisons of AMLCD and CRT Implementations of Electronic Flight Formats, United States
33、Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Sept 1995 EASA OEB ADMINISTRATIVE AND GUIDANCE PROCEDURES, http:/www.easa.eu.int/ws_prod/c/doc/EASA%20OEB%20Admin%20%20Guidance%20Procedures.pdf FAA AC-20-167 Airworthiness Approval of Enhanced Vision System, Synthetic Vision System, Combine
34、d Vision System, and Enhanced Flight Vision System Equipment FAA AC-25-11A, of 06-21-2007, Transport Category Airplane Electronic Display Systems FAA AC-90-106, of 06-2-2010, Enhanced Flight Vision Systems FAA AC-23.1309-1D, Equipment, Systems, and Installations in Part 23 Airplane FAA AC-23.1311-1B
35、, Installation of Electronic Display Instrument Systems in Part 23 Airplanes FAA AC-25.1309-1A, System Design Analysis FAA AC-25.1322-1, Flight Crew Alerting FAA TSO C-151b, Terrain Awareness and Warning System, December 17, 2002 ISO FDIS 9241-8, Requirement for Display Colors MIL-STD -1797, Departm
36、ent of Defense Handbook Flying Qualities of Piloted Aircraft SAE ARP5677 Page 6 of 32 RTCA/DO-200a/EUROCAE ED-76, “Standards for Processing Aeronautical Data” RTCA/DO-276, User Requirements for Terrain and Obstacle Data RTCA/DO-315B, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Enhanced
37、 Vision Systems, Synthetic Vision Systems, Combined Vision Systems and Enhanced Flight Vision Systems, SC-213, Washington, D.C., June 2011 RTCA SC-213 (Joint with EUROCAE WG-79), Enhanced Flight Vision Systems/Synthetic Vision Systems, (EFVS/SVS) MIL-STD-1472F, Human Engineering Design Criteria for
38、Military Systems, Equipment and Facilities NATO RTO Technical Report HFM-091/RTG-027, Common Methodological Basis for Evaluation and Testing of Visionic Devices; Chapter 3 - Sensor Technologies for Enhanced and Synthetic Vision Systems NASA Report ARL-02-6/NASA-02-4, 2002, Spatial Awareness Biases (
39、Wickens) RTCA/DO-309, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Helicopter Terrain Awareness and Warning System (HTAWS) Airborne Equipment, March 13, 2008, RTCA SC-212 RTCA/DO-315:2010, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Enhanced Vision Systems, Synthetic Visio
40、n Systems, Combined Vision Systems and Enhanced Flight Vision Systems, September 15, 2010, RTCA SC-213, Washington, DC 2.3 Regulatory Publications 14 CFR Part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes 14 CFR Part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Cat
41、egory Airplanes (EASA CS Part 25) 14 CFR Part 27 Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft 14 CFR Part 29 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft EASA CS Part 23 Certification Specifications for Normal, Utility, Aerobatic and Commuter Aeroplanes EASA CS Part 25 Certification
42、 Specifications for Large Aeroplanes EASA CS Part 27 Certification Specifications for Small Rotorcraft EASA CS Part 29 Certification Specifications for Large Rotorcraft TSO-C113 Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays 2.4 Definition of Terms ACTUAL NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE (ANP): A measure of the cu
43、rrent estimated navigation performance, excluding Flight Technical Error (FTE). Actual Navigation Performance is measured in terms of accuracy and integrity, and may be affected by the type and availability of navigation signals and equipment. NOTE: Also see Estimated Position Uncertainty (EPU). ALL
44、OCENTRIC: Scene-based frame of reference particularly with respect to the objects spatial location; an observer-independent (possibly earth-fixed) frame of reference. SAE ARP5677 Page 7 of 32 AVIONICS ARCHITECTURE: A total set of design choices which make up the avionics system and result in it perf
45、orming as a recognizable whole. Federated avionics architecture consists of “stand alone“ sub-systems and their integration into an overall system is carried out by the crew. Integrated modular avionics architecture relies on the use of a limited range of standard modules which are packaged in a sta
46、ndardized modular format and installed is a small number of common racks. CLUTTER: Clutter is an attribute of poorly organized and crowded displays. A cluttered display is one which uses an excessive number and/or variety of symbols, colors, or small spatial relationships. This causes increased proc
47、essing time for display interpretation. It generally results in reduced display legibility, and/or in increases in the time needed to locate and interpret information on the display. COMBINED VISION SYSTEM (CVS): A displayed image combining a selected database image (e.g., airport approach data, syn
48、thetic image data) overlayed with active sensor image data. COMMAND INFORMATION: Information that directs the pilot to follow a course of action in a specific situation (e.g., Flight Director or TCAS RA - resolution advisory). COMMAND REFERENCE FRAME: A symbol, appropriately colored, indicating the
49、position within which the pilot should place the flight path marker to affect the desired flight performance response. CONFORMAL INFORMATION: Information which correctly overlays the image of the real world, irrespective of the pilots viewing position. Conformal means having a 1:1 angular and scalar relationship. For displays the field of regard is the same as the field of view. COPLANAR DISPLAYS: Devices whose display surfaces lie in the
