1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2017 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visithttp:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J1616_201703SURFACE VEHICLERECOMMENDED PRACTICEJ1616 MAR2017Issued 1994-02Revised 2017-03Supe
5、rseding J1616 MAY2016Recommended Practice for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle FuelRATIONALEThis Recommended Practice sets minimum requirements for compressed natural gas as a surface vehicle fuel for vehicle, engine, and component durability, operating safety, and design performance over the breadth
6、of vehicle applications intended to utilize this fuel.TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE 2 1.1 Purpose. 6 2. REFERENCES 6 2.1 Applicable Documents 6 2.2 Related Publications . 8 3. DEFINITIONS . 10 4. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 11 4.1 Methane Number 11 4.2 Wobbe Index (number) . 11 4.3 Pressure Water Dew Point T
7、emperature 12 4.4 Hydrogen Sulfide, Sulfur Compounds and Sulfur . 12 4.5 Methanol Prohibition . 12 4.6 Oxygen Concentration 12 4.7 Particulate and Foreign Material . 12 4.8 Oil Content 13 4.9 Pressure Hydrocarbon Dew Point Temperature. 13 4.10 Natural Gas Odorant. 14 SAE INTERNATIONAL J1616 MAR2017
8、Page 2 of 21APPENDIX A CNG COMPOSITION RECOMMENDATIONS/REQUIREMENTS. 15 APPENDIX B VEHICLE FUEL SYSTEM AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE 16 APPENDIX C CRC CNG TEST FUELS. 18 APPENDIX D CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD (CARB) SPECIFICATIONS . 19 APPENDIX E U.S. EPA CERTIFICATION FUEL COMPOSITION . 21 FIGURE 1 WOB
9、BE INDEX (REFERENCE CRC REPORT PC-2-12) 4 FIGURE 2 METHANE NUMBER (REFERENCE CRC REPORT PC-2-12). 5 FIGURE 3 HEATING VALUE (REFERENCE CRC REPORT PC-2-12) 5 FIGURE 4 MAXIMUM PROPANE CONTENT (MOLE % PROPANE IN GAS FOR MAX. 1% HC CONDENSATION). 14 TABLE D.1 CARB CERTIFICATION CNG CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 1
10、9 TABLE D.2 CARB COMMERCIAL CNG CHEMICAL COMPOSITION . 19 1. SCOPECompressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a practical automotive fuel, with advantages and disadvantages when compared to gasoline. Large quantities of natural gas are available in North America. It has a higher octane number rating, produces l
11、ow exhaust emissions, no evaporative emissions and can cost less on an equivalent energy basis than other fuels. Natural gas is normally compressed from 20 684 to 24 821 kPa (3000 to 3600 psig) to increase its energy density thereby reducing its on-board vehicle storage volume for a given range and
12、payload. CNG can also be made from liquefied natural gas by elevating its pressure and vaporizing it to a gas. Once converted it is referred to LCNG.The properties of natural gas are influenced by: (1) source of supply i.e. field, composition or impurities; (2) the processing of natural gas by the p
13、roduction and transmission companies; (3) the regional gas supply, storage, and demand balancing done by distribution companies often in concert with pipeline companies to maintain uninterrupted service throughout the year, e.g., peak shaving with propane-air (see U.S. Bureau of Mines Publication 50
14、3); and (4) dispensing site maintenance characteristics i.e. filtration and drying.The Coordinating Research Council (CRC) has published the results of a national compressed natural gas vehicle fuel survey. Information on the properties of distribution system natural gas and its variability has been
15、 included in Figure 1, 2,and 3, and can be found in CRC Report No. PC-2-12. Composition can vary hourly under certain operating conditions in certain areas of the country. Thus the data should generally be considered representative for the areas mentioned with due consideration for local variation.N
16、atural gases transported throughout the U. S. are not subject to uniform national standards. Under federal government rules covering interstate sales of natural gas, the U. S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) adjudicates tariffs,placing economic and technical requirements upon natural gas
17、es entering interstate commerce. In 2006, FERC issued a policy statement advising stakeholders that:1. Only natural gas quality and interchangeability specifications contained in FERC-approved gas tariffs can be enforced;2. Pipeline tariff provisions on gas quality and interchangeability need to be
18、flexible to allow pipelines to balance safety and reliability concerns;3. Pipelines and their customers should develop gas quality and interchangeability specifications based on technical requirements;SAE INTERNATIONAL J1616 MAR2017 Page 3 of 214. In negotiating technically-based solutions, pipeline
19、s and their customers are strongly encouraged to use the Natural Gas Council Plus (NGC+) Interim Guidelinesas a common reference point for resolving gas quality and interchangeability issues; and5. To the extent pipelines and their customers cannot resolve disputes over gas quality and interchangeab
20、ility, those disputes can be brought before FERC to be resolved on a case-by-case basis1The NGC+ Interim Guidelines call for natural gas specifications that include:1. A range of plus or minus 4% Wobbe number variation from local historical average gas, or alternatively, established adjustment or ta
21、rget gas for the service territory, subject to:a. Maximum Wobbe number limit: 1400b. Maximum higher heating value limit: 1110 Btu/scf2. Additional composition maximum limits:a. Maximum butanes+: 1.5 mole percentb. Maximum total inerts: 4 mole percent3. EXCEPTION: Service territories with demonstrate
22、d experience with supplies exceeding these Wobbe, higher heating value and/or compositional limits may continue to use supplies conforming to this experience as long as it does not unduly contribute to safety and utilization problems of end use equipment.2While the Interim Guidelines provide only gu
23、idance for the setting of tariff limits on gas quality, experience has shown that in most cases the Wobbe and higher heating value limits are used in interstate tariffs. Since the bulk of U. S. sales of natural gas fall under FERC jurisdiction, this means that the Interim Guideline limits represent,
24、 in most cases, the limits that apply to natural gases received by distribution systems. Intrastate natural gas sales, by contrast, are not within FERC jurisdiction, but customers including utilities receiving gases from both intrastate and interstate sources, for practical purposes, generally recei
25、ve natural gas that meets the Interim Guidelines.The NGC+ Interim Guidelines address combustion issues associated with natural gases. Separately, FERC considered condensable hydrocarbons in response to a second paper from NGC+.3No specific actions were recommended by FERC in response to the NGC+ rec
26、ommendations from this report, which basically recommended translation of historical condensable hydrocarbon experience into more general phase diagram-depicted “cricondentherm hydrocarbon dew point” (CHDP) criteria for higher hydrocarbon mixtures. CHDP criteria help ensure that natural gases of var
27、ious compositions remain in gaseous state at all operating pressures and all reasonable ambient temperatures.Natural gas is comprised chiefly of methane (generally 88 to 96 mole percent) with the balance being a decreasing proportion of proportion of higher hydrocarbon alkanes such as ethane, propan
28、e, and butane. It can also contain nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, sulfur compounds and trace amounts of lubricating oil. At the retail outlet a warning agent, or odorant, is likely present in natural gas.1Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Policy Statement on Provisions Governing Natur
29、al Gas Quality and Interchangeability in Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Tariffs,” Natural Gas Interchangeability, Docket No. PL04-3-000, June 15, 2006.2NGC+ Interchangeability Work Group, “White Paper on Natural Gas Interchangeability and Non-Combustion End Use,” February 28, 2005.3NGC+ Liquid Hydr
30、ocarbon Drop Out Work Group, “White Paper on Liquid Hydrocarbon Drop Out in Natural Gas Infrastructure,” February 28, 2005.SAE INTERNATIONAL J1616 MAR2017 Page 4 of 21Experience with natural gas vehicles has grown considerably. Fleet and ongoing in-use applications provide a foundation for character
31、izing gas composition factors that will help to understand gas quality effects on vehicle and overall performanceand may cause fundamental operational problems for natural gas vehicles (NGVs). Water content and other corrosion precursors, heavier hydrocarbons, which may condense within the fuel cont
32、ainer, particulate matter, oil, and energy content all need to be considered. Condensable hydrocarbons (liquid state) are also of concern in NGV equipment degradation.Figure 1 - Wobbe Index (Reference CRC report PC-2-12)SAE INTERNATIONAL J1616 MAR2017 Page 5 of 21Figure 2 Methane number (Reference C
33、RC report PC-2-12)Figure 3 Heating value (Reference CRC report PC-2-12)SAE INTERNATIONAL J1616 MAR2017 Page 6 of 211.1 PurposeThe provisions contained in this SAE Recommended Practice are intended to provide minimum requirements for compressed natural gas fuel composition delivered to vehicle storag
34、e containers as measured at the station/vehicle interface. This document presents important physical and chemical characteristics of compressed natural gas vehicular fuel, and describes pertinent test methods for defining or evaluating these properties. Requirements and guidance included are intende
35、d to permit satisfactory vehicle performance, operation and emission levels, and protect fuel system components from fuel-related malfunctions, and premature deterioration or failure. This document is intended as a guide and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. S
36、ee Appendix A for engine and vehicle manufacturer recommendations. For information on Liquefied Natural Gas fuel composition, See Recommended Practice SAE J2699, Liquefied Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel.2. REFERENCES2.1 Applicable DocumentsThe following publications form a part of this specification to th
37、e extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PublicationsAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.King,
38、 S., “The Impact of Natural Gas Composition on Fuel Metering and Engine Operational Characteristics,“ SAE Technical Paper 920593, 1992, doi:10.4271/920593. SAE J2699 Liquefied Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel2.1.2 ASTM PublicationsAvailable from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West
39、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.orgD1142 Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels by Measurement of Dew-Point TemperatureD1945 Standard Test Method for Analysis of Natural Gas by Gas ChromatographyD2650 Standard Test Method for Chemical Composition of G
40、ases By Mass SpectrometryD3588 Standard Practice for Calculating Heat Value, Compressibility Factor, and Relative Density of Gaseous FuelsD4084-94 Standard Test Method for Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide in Gaseous Fuels (Lead Acetate Reaction Rate Method)D4810 Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide
41、 in Natural Gas Using Length-of-Stain Detector TubesD5454 Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture AnalyzersD5504 Standard Test Method for Determination of Sulfur Compounds in natural gas and Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatography and ChemiluminescenceD622
42、8 Standard Test Method for Determination of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas and Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatography and Flame Photometric DetectionD6273 Standard Test Method for Natural Gas Odor IntensitySAE INTERNATIONAL J1616 MAR2017 Page 7 of 212.1.3 Gas Technology Institute Publications Availabl
43、e from the Gas Technology Institute, 1700 S. Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, 847-768-0500, www.gastechnology.orgNatural Gas Vehicle Technology and Fuel Performance Evaluation Program, Oreste Bevilacqua, GTI Report 97/0184, 6/97NGV Fueling Station Compressor Oil Carryover Measurement and
44、Control, M. Czachorski et al., GRI-95/0483, 2/96Validation Testing of a Gravimetric Method to Measure CNG Compressor Oil Carryover, M Czachorski and R. Kina, GRI-98/0228, 6/98Variability of Natural Gas Composition in Select Major Metropolitan Areas of the United States, W. E. Liss et al., GRI-92/012
45、3, 3/92 2.1.4 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Publications Available from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 14th Street e.g., -20 qC (-4 qF) dew point at 24,821 kPa (3600 psig).3.8 Pressure Water Dew Point (At Delivery Pressure)The water de
46、w point temperature of the gas at the maximum anticipated pressure in the fuel storage container(s) of the CNG vehicular fuel system (usually measured in the fueling station dispensing unit). When presenting or referencing dew point, the value shall be given in terms of the vehicle container pressur
47、e; e.g., 20 qC, (4 qF) dew point at 24 821 kPa (3600 psig).SAE INTERNATIONAL J1616 MAR2017 Page 11 of 213.9 Specific GravityAlso known as relative density, is the ratio of the density of natural gas (kg/m3) to the density of air measured at standard conditions of pressure and temperature.3.10 Standa
48、rd Gas Volume PercentageThe volume fraction of a gas constituent at standard conditions, multiplied by 100. Commonly used by the gas industry.3.11 Wobbe Index (Number)The ratio of the fuels dry higher heating value to the square root of specific gravity of the gas (calculated relative to the density
49、 of dry air): in MJ/m3or unit less (Btu/ft3). The Wobbe Index provides information useful in determining the fuel energy flow rate through a fixed orifice.4. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTSThe California Air Resources Board (CARB) has established a natural gas emissions certification specification (See Appendix D, Table D1) The US EPA has also established a natural gas emission certification specification (See Appendix E). As in
