1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2006 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
3、reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax: 724-
4、776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEJ1778REAF.NOV2006Issued 1972-04Reaffirmed 2006-11Superseding J1778 NOV1998Ship Systems and EquipmentRecommended Practice for Hydraulic Fluid Selection1. ScopeThis SAE Recommended Practice identifi
5、es general requirements for hydraulic fluids to be used forship systems and equipment with respect to power transmission, lubrication, and passive applications. It alsoindicates the environmental limits within which the fluids shall perform their intended purpose satisfactorily andreliably. Characte
6、ristics of particular importance to ship systems and equipment are discussed. 1.1 PurposeThis document provides the general environment and equipment imposed requirements that dictatefluid and lubricant characteristics. The purpose of this document is to provide system and equipmentdesigners with gu
7、idance necessary for the selection of a satisfactory hydraulic fluid for a particular application.This document does not recommend a particular fluid for any application. Rather, this document identifies theparameters that must be considered in the selection of fluids. Examples of specification and
8、typical values forproperties of fluids often used in ships systems and equipment are listed in Appendix A. While most of thedata applies to Military Specification fluids, many commercial fluids are available with similar properties.1.2 RationaleThis document has been reaffirmed to comply with the SA
9、E 5-Year Review policy.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest revision of SAE publications shall apply.The following documents are listed to be utilized only as a guide.
10、 The specifications are to serve as a guide tothe types of fluids and lubricants available. The other references are to serve as guide to the availablemethods to define fluid characteristics.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel:877-606-7323
11、 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE AIR81Hydrocarbon Based Hydraulic Fluid PropertiesSAE AS1241Fire Resistant Phosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluid for AircraftSAE AIR1362Physical Properties of Aerospace Hydraulic FluidsSAE J1779Hydraulic System Design Criteria for High
12、 Performance Surface Vehicles and SmallSubmersible VehiclesCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1778 Reaffirmed NOV2006-2-2.1.2 ASTM PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor D
13、rive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.ASTM D 92Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open CupASTM D 93Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed TesterASTM D 97Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsASTM D 287API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)A
14、STM D 445Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of DynamicViscosity)ASTM D 665Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water, Test forASTM D 943Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oils, Test forASTM D 972Evaporation Lo
15、ss of Lubricating Greases and Oils, Test forASTM D 892Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating OilsASTM D 1298Density, Specific Gravity, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid PetroleumProducts by Hydrometer Method, Test forASTM D 1401Water Solubility of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids, Test
16、 forASTM D 1947Load-Carrying Capacity of Petroleum Oil and Synthetic Fluid Gear Lubricants, Test forASTM D 2270Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 and 100 CASTM D 2619Hydrolytic Stability of Hydraulic Fluids (Beverage Bottle Method) Test forASTM D 4898Insoluble Contamination o
17、f Hydraulic Fluids by Gravimetric AnalysisASTM D 5864Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their Components2.1.3 NFPA PUBLICATIONSAvailable from the National Fluid Power Association, 3333 North Mayfair Road, Suite211, Milwaukee, WI 53222-3219, Tel: 414-778-3344, .NFPA T2.13.3Bibliograp
18、hy of non-proprietary hydraulic fluid specifications and selected recommendedpractices2.1.4 U. S. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONSAvailable from DODSSP, Subscription Services Desk, Building 4D, 700Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-2179, http:/assist.daps.mil or http:/stinet.dtic.mil.2
19、.1.4.1 Military HandbooksMIL-HDBK-267(SH)Guide for Selection of Lubricants in small, low-speed vehicles this does not present a serious problem, butmust be considered in the operating instructions. (Compressibility is usually calculated from measurementof the fluids bulk modulus.) Consideration also
20、 should be given to the effect of operating over a widetemperature range on the fluids density and compressibility (bulk modulus). In military applications, whereavoidance of detection is desirable, a fluid specific gravity greater than one may be desirable, as leakingfluid will sink rather than ris
21、e to the surface.5.1.8.2 Use 2The density requirements for lubricants are the same as for Use 1 (see 5.1.8.1). Compressibility oflubricants does not ordinarily play an important role in their usefulness. There is a possibility that thelubricant circulation rate could be affected by a volume change.
22、This latter problem can be planned for inthe initial system design.5.1.8.3 Use 3Density requirements are the same here as for Uses 1 and 2. Oil flooded systems must bedesigned to allow sufficient fluid so that the system components will still be protected from the environmentin spite of a 5% or grea
23、ter volume reduction.5.1.9 OXIDATION STABILITY5.1.9.1 Use 1Failure of the fluid in a power transmission system to resist oxidation creates a hostile environmentfor the system components even in absence of contamination. Oxidation of the fluid, results in theformation of sludge and viscosity changes
24、which promote wear and impair the operation of the system.The remaining liquid is usually acidic and shows corrosive tendencies to metal parts which impair systemoperation and reduce the life of system components.5.1.9.2 Use 2All of the effects of low oxidation stability mentioned in 5.1.9.1 apply t
25、o lubrication. In addition, alubricant is often selected with a viscosity to provide optimum lubrication for bearing type, clearance, andspeed. If oxidation changes the viscosity in either direction, the design criteria may not be met andlubrication may be inadequate, perhaps resulting in premature
26、system failure.5.1.9.3 Use 3The corrosive nature of the oxidation products of fluids and lubricants has been mentioned in5.1.9.1 and is of significance here as well. An electric arc in a fluid under pressure has been observed tocause the formation of large particles of carbon or silica depending on
27、the chemical composition of thefluid. In some cases, carbon particles formed across the gap between the electrodes that produced thearc causing failure due to a conductive path between terminals. It has not been established whether arelationship exists between oxidation stability and arc breakdown.C
28、opyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1778 Reaffirmed NOV2006-9-5.1.10 FIRE RESISTANCE AND AUTOIGNITION5.1.10.1 Use 1Fire hazards exist in hydraulic systems which are located inside the
29、 marine vehicle and, in suchcases, care must be taken to eliminate air from the system and avoid overheating of the system to preventfire and autoignition. Such hazards generally do not exist in systems which are placed external of thevehicles hull. Care must always be taken to prevent fire during d
30、raining or filling of any system with acombustible fluid. The low viscosity fluids in deep diving vehicles and in some surface vehicles are morereadily ignited than the fluids used on conventional submarines and surface vessels, and greaterprecautions should be taken to prevent ignition. The operati
31、ng fluid temperature range should be out of thefire hazardous zone with ignition source as far as possible from the fluid. As a guide, the fire hazard zoneis bordered by the flash and fire points and the autogenous ignition temperature. Fire resistance is alsomeasured by spray ignition and hot manif
32、old tests. See NFPA T2.13.3 .for identification of tests which may be used to evaluate fire resistance.5.1.10.2 Use 2Same considerations as in 5.1.10.1.5.1.10.3 Use 3As long as air is excluded from the system, no problem exists in Use 3 other than at drain and refillof the system. Thermal and pressu
33、re expansion and contractions must be considered in the design so thatair is not admitted to the system during fluid contraction as has occurred in certain reported mishaps.5.1.11 FOAMING5.1.11.1 Use 1Foam, an emulsion of gas bubbles in the fluid, can cause hydraulic component malfunction andreduced
34、 system response. The presence of foam in hydraulic fluid is due to the compressibility propertiesof gas. At high pressure, a fluid can contain a greater volume of gas or air bubbles. When this fluid isdepressurized, as in a reservoir, the gas bubbles in the fluid expand and foaming occurs. Foaming
35、cancause pump cavitation. It also reduces the bulk modulus of the fluid producing poor system response andspongy control. To prevent foaming, defoaming agents are often added to the fluid. The Use 2temperature concerns can also be present in Use 1 applications.5.1.11.2 Use 2Foaming is equally detrim
36、ental to lubrication applications. In addition to the previous consider-ations, compression of an aerated fluid increases its temperature which can cause thermal breakdown andoxidation leading to decreased viscosity, component wear, and corrosion.5.1.11.3 Use 3Same conditions apply as for other uses
37、 as there is a need for protection of metal components.Also, fluid aerated at high pressures and expelled through vents or filler tubes can lead to fires in hot spots.5.1.12 SHEAR STABILITYHeavy mechanical shear forces can break down molecular bonds in some fluids such asMIL-F-17111. If the fluid us
38、ed cannot handle the shear forces without breakdown, system components mustbe able to handle any changes. Mechanical shear forces are highest when high fluid velocities meet smallclearances. Bond breakdown affects viscosity and lubrication. Use 1 and Use 2 are most affected.5.1.13 DIELECTRIC PROPERT
39、IESA pressure-compensating fluid for electric motors, relays, switching devices, andelectronic equipment must have good dielectric properties and should be inert to the effects of electricalequipment operation. The dielectric quality of a fluid is measured by electrical resistivity, dissipation fact
40、or,and dielectric breakdown voltage. See 2.2.1 for a discussion of these properties and resistivity data onvarious fluids.5.1.14 DAMPENINGWhen a hydraulic fluid is used as a dampening fluid, the viscosity of the fluid is of primeconsideration. VV-D-1078, a silicone base damping fluid, is available i
41、n viscosities of 0.65 through2 500 000 centistokes. This material is also used as transducer fluids, lubricants, heat transfer fluids,dielectric fluids, and hydraulic fluids.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted withou
42、t license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1778 Reaffirmed NOV2006-10-5.1.15 BIODEGRADABLE PROPERTIESAs environmental concerns become more important, biodegradability ofhydraulic fluids is often a factor in their selection. ASTM D 5864 is a test for determining the aerobic aquaticbiodegradation of lubricants. Test
43、 substances that achieve a high degree of biodegradation in this test maybe assumed to easily biodegrade in many aerobic aquatic environments. Some vegetable-basedbiodegradable hydraulic fluids offer the following advantages over petroleum-base fluids:a. Pollution PreventionNo “rainbow” or sheen on
44、water from spillsb. Non-Hazardous Disposalc. Higher Viscosity Index and Higher Flash Point5.2 Fluids Recommended for Use in Ship Systems and Equipment5.2.1 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONSWhere suitable, it is recommended that the guidance of MIL-HDBK-267 befollowed in selection of hydraulic fluids for milit
45、ary ship systems and equipment. The fluids and lubricantslisted in MIL-HDBK-267 have definitive specifications and are usually available from multiple sources.5.2.2 CONSIDERATION OF FIRE RESISTANCEWhile proper system design can minimize the fire hazard,consideration must always be given to selection
46、 of fluids with adequate fire resistance. Fluids are listed asfollows in increasing order of fire resistance:a. Petroleum Base Fluidsb. Synthetic Hydrocarbons, Fire-Resistantc. Biodegradeable Vegetable-Base Fluidsd. Invert Emulsions (60% water, 40% oil)e. Water Glycolsf. Phosphate Estersg. High Wate
47、r Base Fluids (95% water)5.2.3 FLUIDS FOR POWER TRANSMISSION (USE 1)Typical values and specification requirements for thecharacteristics of fluids most often recommended for use in power transmission systems of marine vehiclesare listed in Appendix A. Comparing these characteristics with the require
48、ments of a specific application isnecessary in selecting a suitable fluid for a specific application.6. SummaryAll aspects of the chemistry and characteristics of fluids for power transmission, lubrication, andpassive applications are important and will affect the operation of systems on submersible
49、 vehicles and surfaceships of all classes and types. Due to the general nature of this document, only the most significant factorshave been presented.PREPARED BY THE SAE FLUID SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS SUBCOMMITTEEOF THE SAE SHIP SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT COMMITTEECopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE
