1、 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Automotive Lubricating Greases SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for
2、any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2005
3、SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel:
4、877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: custsvcsae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org Issued 1951-09 Revised 2005-07 Superseding J310 JAN2000 J310 REV. JUL2005 1. Scope This SAE Recommended Practice was developed by SAE, and the section “Stan
5、dard Classification and Specification for Service Greases” cooperatively with ASTM, and NLGI. It is intended to assist those concerned with the design of automotive components, and with the selection and marketing of greases for the lubrication of certain of those components on passenger cars, truck
6、s, and buses. The information contained herein will be helpful in understanding the terms related to properties, designations, and service applications of automotive greases. 1.1 Rationale This document has been revised to include recent tests and information. The sections on transmission joint grea
7、ses and greases for other vehicle needs have been considerably expanded. 2. References 2.1 Applicable Publications The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise specified, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE PUBL
8、ICATIONS Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA. SAE AMS 3217AStandard Elastomer StockTest Slabs SAE AMS 3217/2ATest Slabs, Acrylonitrile Butadiene (NBR-L)Low Acrylonitrile, 65-75 SAE AMS 3217/3BTest Slabs, Chloroprene (CR), 67-75 SAE J310 Revised JUL2005 - 2 - 2.1
9、.2 ASTM PUBLICATIONS Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 USA. ASTM D 128Analysis of Lubricating Grease ASTM D 217Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease ASTM D 566Dropping Point of Lubricating Grease ASTM D 942Oxidation Stability of Lubricating Greases by the
10、Oxygen Bomb Method ASTM D 972Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases and Oils ASTM D 1092Apparent Viscosity of Lubricating Greases ASTM D 1263Leakage Tendencies of Automotive Wheel Bearing Greases ASTM D 1264Water Washout Characteristics of Lubricating Greases ASTM D 1403Cone Penetration of Lubricat
11、ing Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment ASTM D 1404Test Method for Estimation of Deleterious Particles In Lubricating Grease ASTM D 1478Low-Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing Greases ASTM D 1742Oil Separation from Lubricating Grease During Storage ASTM D 1743Corrosion Preventi
12、ve Properties of Lubricating Greases ASTM D 1831Roll Stability of Lubricating Grease ASTM D 2265Dropping Point of Lubricating Grease Over Wide-Temperature Range ASTM D 2266Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method) ASTM D 2509Measurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lub
13、ricating Grease (Timken Method) ASTM D 2595Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-Temperature Range ASTM D 2596Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method) ASTM D 3336Test Method for Life of Lubricating Greases in Ball Bearings at Elevated Temperatur
14、es ASTM D 3337Test Method for Life and Torque of Lubricating Greases in Small Ball Bearings ASTM D 3527Life Performance of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease ASTM D 3704Test Method for Wear Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greases Using the (Falex) Block on Ring Test Machine in Oscillating Motion A
15、STM D 4048Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Lubricating Grease ASTM D 4049Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Lubricating Grease to Water Spray ASTM D 4170Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greases ASTM D 4289Compatibility of Lubricating Grease with Elastomers ASTM D
16、4290Leakage Tendencies of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease Under Accelerated Conditions ASTM D 4425Standard Test Method for Oil Separation from Lubricating Grease by Centrifuging (Koppers Method) ASTM D 4693Low-Temperature Torque of Greased-Lubricated Wheel Bearings ASTM D 4950Standard Classification
17、 and Specification for Automotive Service Greases ASTM D 5483Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubricating Greases by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry ASTM D 5706Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Greases Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillat
18、ion (SRV) Test Machine ASTM D 5707Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Lubricating Grease Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine ASTM D 5969Test Method for Corrosion-Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greases in Presence of Dilute Synthetic Sea Water Env
19、ironments ASTM D 6138Test Method for Determination of Corrosion Preventive Properties under Dynamic Wet Conditions (Emcor Test) SAE J310 Revised JUL2005 - 3 - ASTM D 6184Test Method for Oil Separation from Lubricating Grease (Conical Sieve Method) ASTM D 6185Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of
20、Binary Mixtures of Lubricating Greases ASTM MNL-1Manual on Significant Petroleum Tests (Sixth Edition) 2.1.3 NLGI PUBLICATIONS Available from NLGI, 4635 Wyandotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64112 USA. NLGI Recommended Practice for Lubricating Passenger Car Wheel Bearings NLGI Recommended Practice for L
21、ubricating Passenger Car Ball Joint Front Suspensions Constant Velocity Joint Greases, Fish, G., NLGI Spokesman, December 1999 2.1.4 ELGI PUBLICATIONS Available from the European Lubricating Grease Institute, Hemonylaan 26, 1074 BJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The Oil Separation Handbook, Miller, D.,
22、 2003 The Rheology of Lubricating Grease, Balan, C. ed., 2000 3. Definition of Lubricating Grease A lubricating grease is a solid to semi-fluid mixture of a liquid lubricant and a thickening agent. Additives to impart special properties or performance characteristics may be incorporated. The liquid
23、component may be a mineral (petroleum) oil or a synthetic fluid; the thickener may be a metallic soap or soaps or a nonsoap substance such as an organophilic modified clay, a urea compound, carbon black, or other material. The viscosity of the fluid, the thickener concentration, and the chemical nat
24、ure of the thickener can vary widely. The properties of the finished grease are influenced by the manufacturing process as well as by the materials used. 4. Basic Performance Requirements Greases are most often used instead of fluids where a lubricant is required to maintain its original position in
25、 a mechanism, especially where opportunities for frequent relubrication may be limited or economically unjustifiable. This requirement may be due to the physical configuration of the mechanism, the type of motion, the type of sealing, or to the need for the lubricant to perform all or part of any se
26、aling function in the prevention of lubricant loss or the entrance of contaminants. Because of their essentially solid nature, greases do not perform the cooling and cleaning functions associated with the use of a fluid lubricant. With these exceptions, greases are expected to accomplish all other f
27、unctions of fluid lubricants. A satisfactory grease for a given application is expected to: a. Provide adequate lubrication to reduce friction and to prevent harmful wear of mating components b. Protect against corrosion. c. Act as a seal to prevent entry of dirt and water. d. Resist leakage, drippi
28、ng, or undesirable throw off from the lubricated surfaces. e. Resist objectionable change in structure or consistency with mechanical working (in the mechanism) during prolonged service. SAE J310 Revised JUL2005 - 4 - f. Not stiffen excessively to cause undue resistance to motion in cold weather. g.
29、 Have physical characteristics suitable for the method of application. h. Be compatible with elastomer seals and other materials of construction in the lubricated portion of the mechanism. i. Tolerate some degree of contamination, such as moisture, without loss of significant characteristics. j. Hav
30、e suitable oxidation and thermal stability for the intended application. k. Prevent the premature initiation of rolling contact fatigue (allow extended life). 5. Properties of Greases 5.1 Consistency A measure of relative hardness. This property is commonly expressed in terms of the ASTM penetration
31、 or NLGI consistency number. The ASTM penetration is a numerical statement of the actual penetration of the grease sample, in tenths of a millimeter, by a standard test cone under stated conditions. The higher the penetration value, the softer the grease. The NLGI, formally known as the National Lub
32、ricating Grease Institute, classifies greases according to their ASTM penetration as shown in Table 1. TABLE 1NLGI CONSISTENCY NUMBER NLGI Consistency No. ASTM Worked (60 Strokes) Penetration at 25 C (77 F) tenths of a millimeter(1)NLGI Consistency No. ASTM Worked (60 Strokes) Penetration at 25 C (7
33、7 F) tenths of a millimeter(1)000 445 to 475 3 220 to 250 00 400 to 430 4 175 to 205 0 355 to 385 5 130 to 160 1 310 to 340 6 85 to 115 2 265 to 295 1. ASTM D 217 Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease. The consistency of a grease is an important factor in its ability to lubricate, seal, and remain
34、in place, and to the methods and ease by which it can be dispensed and applied. Most automotive greases are in the NLGI No. 1, 2, or 3 range, that is, ranging from soft to medium consistency. 5.2 Texture and Structure The appearance and feel of greases. A grease may be described as smooth, buttery,
35、fibrous, long- or short-fibered, stringy, tacky, etc. These characteristics are influenced by the viscosity of the fluid, type of thickener, proportion of each of these components, presence of certain additives, and process of manufacture. There are no standard test methods for quantitative definiti
36、ons of these properties. Texture and structure are factors in the adhesiveness and ease of handling of a grease. 5.3 Structural Stability The ability of a grease to retain its as-manufactured consistency and texture despite age, temperature, mechanical working, and other influences, or its ability t
37、o return to its original state when a transient influence is removed. SAE J310 Revised JUL2005 - 5 - 5.4 Mechanical Stability The resistance of a grease to permanent changes in consistency due to the continuous application of shearing forces. The stability of a grease is important to its ability to
38、provide adequate lubrication and sealing and to remain properly in place during use. 5.5 Apparent Viscosity The ratio of shear stress to rate of shear at a stated temperature and shear rate. Grease is by nature a non-Newtonian material. Therefore, the usual concept of viscosity valid for simple flui
39、ds (that is, internal resistance to flow) is not entirely applicable. The ratio of shear stress to shear rate varies as the shear rate changes. The apparent viscosity of most greases decreases with an increase of either temperature or shear rate. Apparent viscosity greatly influences the ease of han
40、dling, dispensing and flow characteristics of a grease. The applied shear rate or applied shear stress needs to be included when the apparent viscosity is reported. 5.6 Dropping Point The elevated temperature at which the grease generally passes from a solid to a liquid state or rapidly separates ba
41、se fluid, and flows through an orifice under standard test conditions. The dropping point is incorrectly regarded by some as establishing the maximum temperature for acceptable use. Performance at high temperature also depends on other factors such as duration of exposure, oxidation and evaporation
42、resistance, and design of the lubricated mechanism. 5.7 Oxidation Resistance The resistance to chemical deterioration in storage and in service caused by exposure to air. It depends on the stability of the individual grease components, and can be improved by use of antioxidants. Oxidation resistance
43、 is important wherever long storage or service life is required or where high temperatures prevail even for short periods. 5.8 Protection Against Friction and Wear A protection greatly influenced by the viscosity and type of the fluid component and by grease structural and consistency characteristic
44、s. This performance characteristic can be altered by use of additives. 5.9 Protection Against Corrosion A protection of ferrous components achieved primarily by the inclusion of suitable additives in the grease. The effectiveness of the protection is influenced also by the chemical and physical prop
45、erties, such as interactions with other additives, consistency and base oil viscosity (both of which will determine how effectively the grease will seal out corrosive and other undesirable material), and the interaction with water. The effect of water on the grease can be significant. Some greases a
46、re water resistant or waterproof, which means that they resist the washing effect of water and do not absorb it to any significant extent. Other greases can absorb varying amounts of water without appreciable damage to their structure or consistency, and may provide better rust protection than water
47、proof greases which can permit the accumulation of free water in bearings. SAE J310 Revised JUL2005 - 6 - 5.10 Bleeding or Oil Separation The separation of liquid lubricant from a grease. Slight bleeding is regarded as desirable by some as indicative of good lubricating ability in rolling element be
48、arings. It also helps the grease to flow through pipes in centralized systems by lubricating the pipe walls. 5.11 Color A superficial grease property without performance significance. 5.12 Flow There is, of course, the problem of getting grease to the mechanism to be lubricated. Certain terms, by no
49、 means of strict, rigid interpretation, are used to describe the factors involved: feedability, pumpability, and dispensability. 5.12.1 FEEDABILITY OR SLUMPABILITY The ability to flow to the suction of the grease-dispensing equipment or mechanism to be lubricated. 5.12.2 PUMPABILITY The ability to flow through the grease-dispensing lines at a satisfactory rate, without the necessity of using excessively high pressure. 5.12.3 DISPENSABILITY The ease with which a grease may be transferred from its container to the point of applicat
