1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2012 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pub
3、lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、(outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2487_201205SURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEJ2487 MAY2012 Issued 2000-04Revised 201
5、2-05Superseding J2487 OCT2011 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine 3600 r/min Stepped Power Test RATIONALEThere were no units for the energy level in Table 1. It could be inferred but this is not appropriate. A discrepancy of this nature was noted on SAE J2490 by Matt Leite and needed later resolution. S
6、ince this document will be considered stable technology in the future it should be as complete as possible. There were several typos corrected per the last ballot, and the pressure plate drawing was updated to reflect current practice.1. SCOPE This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definit
7、ion of a standard test, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with
8、automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems. The specific purpose of this document is to define a 3600 r/min Stepped Power Test for the evaluation of wet friction system performance variation as a function of power level. This procedure use
9、s an initial engagement speed of 3600 r/min and is intended as a standard procedure for common use by both suppliers and end users. The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are: a. Friction Material b. Fluid c. Reaction Plates These three variables must be clearly i
10、dentified when reporting the results of using this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document. This proced
11、ure is not intended to evaluate the initial coefficient or break-in characteristics. For this information, refer to SAE J2490 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine PVT Test. SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 2 of 27 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this specifi
12、cation to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), ww
13、w.sae.org.SAE J286 SAE No. 2 Clutch Friction Test Machine Guidelines SAE J1646 Glossary of Terms - Lubricated Friction Systems SAE J2490 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine Pvt Test 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part
14、 of this SAE Technical Report.2.2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J1499 SAE Band Friction Test Machine Guidelines SAE Paper 670051 New Fixt
15、ure for Testing Friction Materials for Automatic Transmission Clutch SAE J2488 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine 6000 r/min Stepped Power Test SAE J2489 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine Durability Test 3. TEST EQUIPMENT 3.1 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine with breakaway accessory. 3.2 Flywheels to deli
16、ver desired kinetic energy. The flywheels required to provide the specified step changes in total system inertia are shown in Tables 1A and 1B. 3.3 Data Acquisition At not less than 1000 samples per second and storage system with at Ieast four channels with response as follows: a. Torque Channel, Ba
17、ndwidth - 500 Hz. b. Apply Pressure Channel, Bandwidth - 500 Hz. c. Speed Channel, Bandwidth - 500 Hz. d. Test Fluid Temperature Channel, Bandwidth - 3 Hz. (All channels are to be calibrated to maintain 2% accuracy throughout the range of 10% of full scale to full scale). SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 P
18、age 3 of 27 3.4 Instrumentation a. Torque Transducer - Full bridge, strain gage type, with combined nonlinearity and hysteresis effects not to exceed 0.5% of full scale, such as Lebow Load Cell, Model 3397. b. Apply Pressure Transducer - Full bridge, strain gage type, with combined nonlinearity and
19、hysteresis effects not to exceed 0.5% of full scale, such as Sensotech, Model TJU708-12. c. Speed Transducer - Optical Encoder for drive motor, such as BEl Model 924-01002-4839. d. Thermocouple(s) - Type J with high-impedance amplifier and cold junction compensator. TABLE 1A - REQUIRED INERTIA 3600
20、R/Min INITIAL SPEED StepLevelTotalInertia(kg-m2)IncrementalFlywheelInertia(kg-m2)PossibleFlywheelsEnergy(kJ)1 0.213 Motor+A A 15.13 2 0.254 0.041 A+B 18.02 3 0.294 0.040 A+2B 20.91 4 0.335 0.041 A+C 23.80 5 0.376 0.041 A+B+C 26.69 6 0.416 0.040 A+2B+C 29.58 7 0.457 0.041 A+D 32.47 8 0.498 0.041 A+B+
21、D 35.36 9 0.538 0.040 A+2B+D 38.25 10 0.579 0.041 A+C+D 41.15 11 0.620 0.041 A+B+C+D 44.04 12 0.660 0.040 A+2B+C+D 46.89 TABLE 1B - POSSIBLE FLYWHEELS REQUIRED FOR THE TEST Code Quantity Inertia (kg-m2)A 1 As required to achieve Level 1 inertia of 0.213 B 2 0.0405 C 1 0.1215 D 2 0.2430 3.5 Test Flui
22、d System (Figure 1C in SAE J286) Heated sump including immersion or jacket heater with sufficient watt density for test fluid temperature control and the associated hardware for external fluid flow control. Care should be taken that the fluid is not altered or modified by contact with the immersion
23、heater by ensuring that the heater does not exceed a power density of 2 W/cm2.3.6 Adapters and Reaction Plates The required friction, reaction plates, hub, retainer and pressure plates and spacers are all described in Appendix A. SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 4 of 27 3.7 Apply Piston Seal a. VITONb
24、. Teflon- Recommended for use in high temperature fluid tests. 3.8 Lubrication System Flow Configuration 3.8.1 External Flow (Figure 1C in SAE J1646). This represents the configuration wherein an external pump supplies fluid at a specific flow rate through a line to the centerline of the shaft. A fl
25、ow meter must be installed in the line to the cover to measure the flowsupplied to the head. The drain to the sump is located at the 5, 6, and 7 oclock positions. 4. TYPICAL OPERATING CONDITIONS AND TEST PARAMETERS 4.1 Piston Area 15 110 mm2.4.2 Piston Available Travel 4.57 mm. 4.3 Piston Apply Pres
26、sure As required to produce the required stop time of 0.5 s for each engagement. Allowable variation in stop time is 0.5% or 3.0 ms (see Reference SAE J1646 for definitions). a. Start Threshold - Torque b. Stop Threshold - Torque 4.4 Piston Apply Pressure Rise The apply pressure must be stable at th
27、e required level within 50 ms. (Highest pressure level) The maximum overshoot must not exceed 2% of the required pressure level. 4.5 Piston Release Pressure 30 to 100 kPa and must be 0 kPa during the apply period. 4.6 Effective Inertia Range The inertia range is from the effective base Inertia, whic
28、h is the minimum inertia for the test, to some maximum as determined in the test. A flywheel specific to an individual dynamometer may be required to attain the Level 1 inertia of 0.213 kg-m2. See Tables 1A and 1B. 4.7 Initial Engagement Speed 3600 r/min +0/20 r/min. SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 5
29、 of 27 4.8 Kinetic Energy As shown in Tables 1A and 1B and Appendix B. These kinetic energy values must be as required for the specific level. The allowable variation in kinetic energy is 5%. 4.9 Breakaway Speed 4.37 r/min. 4.10 Test Fluid a. Quantity - 18 L minimum, and must be replaced with new fl
30、uid at the beginning of the procedure. b. Temperature - 115 C 5 C. Measured in the inlet line as shown in Appendix A.c. Test Fluid Flow - The test fluid flow rate is 0.5 L/min 0.05 L/min.d. Fluid Flow Configuration - The flow configuration is External Flow as described in SAE J1646 and 3.8. 4.11 Pac
31、k Clearance 1.143 mm 0.127 mm 4.12 Test Periods Refer to SAE J1646 for the definitions of the test periods. The total period for one dynamic engagement cycle is 30 s 1 s. a. T1, Stabilization Period - 15 s 0.5 s b. T2, Coast Period - 0 c. T3, Apply Period - 12 s 0.1 s d. T4, Dwell Period - 3 s 0.5 s
32、 e. T5, Soak Period - 2.5 s 2.5 s f. T6, Breakaway Period - 2 s 0.5 s g. T7, Cooling period - 0 4.13 Test Description The procedure, as described in detail in Appendix A, consists of increasing steps of power, each level consisting of 200 engagements and one breakaway. Inspections are made of the re
33、action plates and friction assemblies at the end of each level. The different power levels are achieved by increasing the effective inertia while the stop time and initial engagement speed are kept constant at 0.5 s and 3600 r/min, respectively. The test is run at increasing power steps until the fr
34、iction system has completely failed. SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 6 of 27 5. GENERAL TEST INFORMATION 5.1 Clean Prior to each test, the fixture and sump must be cleaned thoroughly and fixture and sump washed with solvent. The sump is then filled with the new test fluid. 5.2 Inspect Inspect rotatin
35、g shaft seal for deterioration and replace, if necessary. If this seal is replaced, also replace the nonrotatinglip seals. 5.3 Soak Soak friction elements in the test fluid for at least 10 min at room temperature. 5.4 Measure and Record Measure and record the thickness of each friction element, afte
36、r 5.3 before test and again after each test level at the same predetermined locations. A minimum of three locations, 120 degrees apart, at the approximate mean radius are to be identified by a durable mark and used for all measurements. The measurements from the various locations for each element ar
37、e averaged and also averaged for the elements. These average changes in thickness from the original thickness are reported as the average cumulative loss of thickness. Measurements are made with a flat anvil meter with a 3.175 mm minimum diameter and 0.0127 mm accuracy. 5.5 Mark Surfaces Mark mating
38、 surfaces on the tab face of splines in sequence of assembly for orientation of the friction assemblies and reaction plates. The clutch pack must be disassembled and reassembled with the exact same orientation of the component with respect to each other and to the stationary splines in the housing.
39、All markings should be visible from the cover end of the housing. 5.6 Install Clutch Pack Install a reaction plate to contact the pressure plate. Follow with a friction assembly, reaction plate, and so on until all therequired components have been installed. The last plate to be installed must be a
40、reaction plate. Its thickness (spacer) must be selected to ensure that the pack clearance is as defined in 4.11. The pack configuration is PRFRFRFRSC, where P is the Piston, R is a Reaction plate, F is a Friction assembly, S the Spacer plate (as required), and C the Cover. Reaction plates may be use
41、d as the spacer. Verify axial alignment of Hub oil holes and friction plates (see Appendix A). 5.7 Install Housing Cover Start the circulation pump and the temperature controller to heat the fluid and internal elements to the required control temperature, as given in 4.10. 5.8 Install Flywheels Inst
42、all the flywheels required to achieve the effective inertia required for the power level to be evaluated. 5.9 Check Fluid Flow and Temperature With the motor off, check that the fluid control temperature and the flow rate are as given in 4.10. SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 7 of 27 5.10 Start Test I
43、nitiate the testing for the required level as defined in Appendix B. Determine pressure level to achieve the required 0.5 s stop time, as defined in 4.3.a. Always set the pressure to the low side of the estimated value as the test is to be aborted if the stop time EVER falls below 0.45 s as uncontro
44、lled friction system damage may occur. b. Initiate the testing for the required level as defined in Appendix B. c. The stop time MUST be set, per 4.3, by the 20th engagement and maintained during the remaining 180 engagements.5.11 End of Level Inspection Shut down test stand. At the completion of th
45、e required dynamic engagements and the breakaway measurement, the housing is opened and the clutch pack carefully removed with special attention to ensure that the plates can be reinstalled in the exact same location and order relative to adjoining plates and fixed locations in the housing. Measurem
46、ents are made of the friction element thickness as noted in 5.4. Observations of the conditions of the reaction plates and friction elements and the fluid are recorded. Photographs may be taken to show the condition of the plates and assemblies. 6. DATA ACQUISITION 6.1 Data Acquisition Rate For digi
47、tal data acquisition systems the data is to be recorded at 1000 samples per second per channel using a 15 ms time constant RC filter. (Filtering will slew data. Preferred method is to record all raw data and manipulate later.) 6.2 Coefficient Calculations Coefficients are calculated for the followin
48、g dynamic coefficient at every 25th engagement. (Reference SAE J1646) a. Midpoint dynamic - 50%db. Endpoint dynamic - 100msdMax(Based on raw data single point value) The breakaway coefficients, obtained every 200 dynamic engagements, is defined as: Breakaway coefficient - 1.0s4.376.3 Data Averaging
49、and Filtering Data is to be averaged at the specified location in either the time or speed domain as specified in 6.1 with midpoint coefficient average values calculated using data points 80 ms on both sides of the required calculation point. Endpoint coefficient average values are calculated from non-filtered peak torque data measured in the last 100 ms of the engagement. For the 1000 Hz-sampling rate, the
