1、Head Injury Biomechanics Volume 3 Mitigation Edited by Jeffrey A. Pike PROGRESS IN TECHNOLOGY SERIES i Head Injury Biomechanics Volume III Mitigationii Other SAE books of interest: Neck Injury Biomechanics Edited by Jeffrey A. Pike (Product Code: PT-141) Forensic Biomechanics: Using Medical Records
2、to Study Injury Mechanisms Jeffrey A. Pike (Product Code: R-379) Vehicle Accident Analysis and Reconstruction Methods, Second Edition Raymond A. Brach and Matthew Brach (Product Code: R-397)For more information or to order a book, contact SAE International: 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 150
3、96-0001 phone: 877-606-7323 (U.S. and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside U.S. and Canada) fax: 724-776-0790; email: CustomerServicesae.org; website: http:/books.sae.orgiii Jeffrey A. Pike Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA Head Injury Biomechanics Volume III M itiga tion Copyright 2011 SAE International eI
4、SBN: 978-0-7680-6448-3iv 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA Email CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Copyright 2011 SAE International. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sto
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6、978-0-7680-6037-9 Library of Congress Catalog Number 2011930695 SAE Order Number PT-152/3 DOI 10.4271/PT-152/3 Information contained in this work has been obtained by SAE International from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or
7、completeness of any information published herein and neither SAE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplying informa
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9、e USA and Canada)724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Visit the SAE International Bookstore at http:/books.sae.orgv Dedication To Debbie and the “kids, ” Stacy, Adam, Blair, and Emily, and to the memory of my parents and sister, Herbert, May, and Anne Pike, and to the memory of Professor Voi
10、gt Hodgson.vivii Table of Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Blunt Head Trauma 1 List of Papers Volume III (Mitigation) Arbogast K.B., Jermakian J.S., Ghati Y., K.B. Smith R., Maltese M.R., Menon R.A., Predictors and Patterns of Pediatric Head Injury in Motor Vehicle Crashes. Proceedings of the
11、2005 International Research Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI). 2005. 19 Barth T.H., The Bulkhead Air Bag System - Head Strike Protection for Passenger Aircraft. Paper 951169. Society of Automotive Engineers. 1995. 33 Bohman K., Hasland Y., Aldman B., Reduction of Head Rotational Moti
12、ons in Side Impacts Due to the Inflatable Curtain A Way to Bring Down the Risk of Diffuse Brain Injury. SAE Paper 986167. Society of Automotive Engineers. 1998. 41 Feist F., Gugler J., Arregui-Dalmases C., del Pozo de Dios E., Lpez-Valds F., Deck C., Willinger R., Pedestrian Collisions with Flat-Fro
13、nted Vehicles: Injury Patterns and Importance of Rotational Accelerations as a Predictor for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Paper 09-0264. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), NHTSA, Washington DC. 2009 49 Kendall R., Meissner M., Crandall J., The
14、 Causes of Head Injury in Vehicle-Pedestrian Impacts: Comparing the Relative Danger of Vehicle and Road Surface. SAE Paper 2006-01-0462,. SAE International. 2006. 69 Knox T., Pellettiere J., Perry C., Plaga J., Bonfeld J., New Sensors to Track Head Acceleration during Possible Injurious Events. Pape
15、r 2008-01-2976. SAE International. 2008. 101 Ming J., The Crash Depth Necessary in the Frontal Structure of a Car for Pedestrian Head Protection. Paper 2009-01-1207. SAE International. 2009. 113 Munsch M., Bourdet N., Deck C., Willinger R., Lateral Glazing Characterization Under Head Impact: Experim
16、ental and Numerical Investigation. Paper 09-0184. Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (21 ESV,) NHTSA, Washington DC. 2009. 123 Parenteau C.S., Viano D.C., Basilar Skull Fractures by Crash Type and Injury Source. Paper 2011-01-1126. SAE Inter
17、national 2011 137viii Romaro M., Onusik H., Fiehl G.R., Accident Analysis with Commercial Vehicles and its Contribution to the Development of Vehicle Safety. SAE Paper 952193. Society of Automotive Engineers. 1995. 149 Scher I.S., Harley E.M., Richards D., Thomas R., Likelihood of Brain Injury in Mo
18、torcycle Accidents: A Comparison of Novelty and DOT-Approved Helmets. Paper 2009-01-0248. SAE International 2009. 169 Strachan D.S., The Anatomy and Physiology of the Head and Neck. In: Huelke D.F., Strachan D.S., Grabb W.C., Evans F.G., States J.D., Burdi A.R., Frey C.F., Votaw C.L., Patrick L.M.,
19、Mertz H.J., Human Anatomy, Impact Injuries, and Human Tolerances. Paper 700195. Society of Automotive Engineers. 1970. 175 Verschueren P ., Delye H., Haex B., Berckmans D., Verpoest I., Goffin J., Vander Sloten J., Van der Perre G., Implementation of Head Injury Criteria in Bicycle-Car Accidents. Pr
20、oceedings of the 2007 International Research Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI). 2007. 187 Zhang B., Yang J., A Study of Car Safety Performance in Side Impact Using Human Head FE model. Paper 2009-01-2281. SAE International. 2009. 191 References 197 References by Topic 211 About the E
21、ditor 213ix Preface An earlier SAE International compendium (Biomechanics of Impact Injury and Injury Tolerances of the Head-Neck Complex, PT-43, edited by Stanley H. Backaitis) provided a collection of papers from the early 1960s through 1991 and so this compendium focuses on the early 1990s up to
22、the present (2011). This collection also includes several of the earlier papers to help put current research into a historical perspective. The “Blunt Head Trauma” chapter ties together anatomy, injury mechanisms, and a number of related topics regarding current research as well as introduces some o
23、f the concepts likely to be utilized in the future. It takes an interdisciplinary approach and draws upon transportation, sports, falls, and military applications of the basic principles. This compendium is divided into three volumes: The Skull (Volume I); The Brain (Volume II); and Mitigation (Volu
24、me III). Volume I contains publications primarily related to head impact and the resulting injury to the “outside” of the head, namely the skin, bones of the skull, and sensory organs. Volume II includes publications relating to injury of the heads contents, primarily the brain, its surrounding memb
25、ranes, and its blood supply. The causes of the injuries include head impact with an external environment (e.g., vehicle interior) and abrupt head movement without head impact. Volume III applies protective strategies to various injury scenarios (e.g., passenger vehicles, football players, blast inju
26、ries) or to a particular demographic group (e.g., children, seniors). Each volume includes: 1) reprints of approximately a dozen previously-published technical papers, plus an SAE paper providing a detailed discussion of the anatomy of the head; 2) a table of more than 250 references arranged by top
27、ic, (e.g., transportation mode or sport); and 3) a new chapter that ties together various aspects of anatomy, injury, and injury mechanisms. The resultant insight regarding head injury should be applicable to a broad range of applications, including transportation, falls, sports, and blast-related i
28、njury and the reprinted papers, in conjunction with the bibliography and chapter, should offer useful insights, not only with regard to the past and present, but as this ever-changing field continues to evolve, regarding future applications as well.xxi Acknowledgments First and foremost, it is my pl
29、easure to acknowledge the role of the Advisory Panel. Once again, I have been very fortunate to have been assisted by a truly outstanding panel how can you go wrong with a group that includes several PhDs, two physician engineers, two neurosurgeons, and a knight? Their help with paper selection and
30、material review was invaluable. Each member of the panel is truly a world-renowned authority and I thank each of them for their willingness to participate and for sharing their time and expertise. The Advisory Panel members all have “day jobs” in which capacity they help save lives and reduce injuri
31、es. Ultimately, injury biomechanics is not about papers and books, but about reducing morbidity and mortality from biomechanical trauma. I hope this volume will help others to continue these efforts. ADVISORY PANEL John M. Cavanaugh Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Wayne State University USA Carlton
32、Russ Greer Greer Neurosurgery Clinic Monroe, Louisiana USA Murray Mackay Prof. Emeritus of Transport Safety University of Birmingham UK Robert S. Salzar Principal Scientist Center for Applied Biomechanics University of Virginia USA Erik G. Takhounts Human Injury Research Division National Highway Tr
33、affic Safety Administration Washington, DC USA David C. Viano ProBiomechanics LLC Bloomfield Hills, MI USA Alex Valadka Chief, Adult Neurosciences Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM); National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Many of the authors graciously pro
34、vided review copies of their papers and were very generous with their time. Ultimately, this volume was the result of a number of diverse selection criteria, and some very fine papers could not be included.xii The dedication page of this book includes head injury researcher, Prof. Voigt Hodgson. He
35、somehow managed to balance directing a research laboratory, teaching and serving as a role model and on a personal note, was a gracious host who always provided a generous supply of the worlds best donuts. Finally, this is my fifth volume for SAE International the first three as author and then two
36、as editor. Perhaps the best acknowledgment that I can give to Martha Swiss and the crew at SAE is to mention that there may be a sixth (call it a “sixth sense”). Jeffrey A. Pike SAE Fellow and Series Editor Biomechanics Consulting, Inc. USA1 Blunt Head Trauma Introduction This chapter provides an ov
37、erview of head anatomy and discusses a variety of blunt head injuries, injury mechanisms, and mitigation applications. Although this chapter focuses on transportation- related injury, primarily of the brain and the bones of the skull, the interdisciplinary approach also draws upon sports, falls, and
38、 blast injuries. The chapter concludes with a brief look at some of the latest developments and possible future trends. The goal is to provide readers with a common background to better utilize the referenced publica- tions, to facilitate interdisciplinary cooperation, and ultimately to foster devel
39、opments that will mitigate head injuries. Many of the references at the end of this chapter discuss how an injury is caused, i.e., transportation- related (Aircraft: 11, 87; Bicycle: 35, 42, 234; Car/Light Truck/Van: 17, 34, 40, 41, 110, 119, 123, 146, 155, 157, 159-163, 175, 181, 220, 246, 252, 256
40、; Commercial Ve- hicle: 18, 43, 84, 191; Horseback: 80; Motorcycle: 78, 137, 197; Pedestrian: 60, 65, 109, 147, 173, 185, 195, 205, 212, 228 Race Cars: 136, 139, 140; Railroads: 33), sport-related (General: 52, 104, 132, 156, 196, 237; Baseball: 204; Boxing: 182, 230, 239; Football: 19, 158, 176, 23
41、6, 238; Soccer: 67), or blast-related (Blast: 56, 93, 120, 126, 151, 188, 192, 218, 253) or the age of the injured person (Infants Seniors: 122, 124, 178-180, 226), and there are even a few studies of animals who routinely receive head impact without injury (Non-Injurious: 59, 68, 79). Many of the r
42、eferences focus on the injuries themselves, either involving the brain (1-7, 12, 13, 20, 21, 28, 36, 38, 46-51, 53, 55, 57, 62, 64, 66, 69-74, 76, 81-83, 86, 88, 98, 99, 107, 108, 111, 112, 117, 121, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 142-145, 153, 164-166, 168, 170, 171, 183, 184, 187, 201, 203, 206, 210, 21
43、1, 213, 221, 223, 225, 227, 231, 233, 240, 241, 245, 247, 249, 251) or skin, bones and sensory organs (15, 23, 25, 37, 39, 45, 54, 85, 91, 94, 96, 97, 102, 103, 116, 127, 138, 141, 154, 167, 169, 189, 193, 199, 200, 207, 208, 219, 235, 242-244). Several of the publications provide general anatomical
44、 and physiological information (Anatomy FEM (Finite Element Modeling) and Computer Models: 8, 32, 63, 100, 101, 113, 194, 222, 229, 250, 254; Imaging: 89, 90, 118, 190, 214, 215, 232) and on methodologies for quantifying injury (Injury Scaling: 27, 75, 130). Anatomy and Function The head may be desc
45、ribed as consisting of three components: the bony skull (cranial and facial bones); the skin and other soft tissue covering the skull; and the contents of the skull (most notably the brain, the brains protective membranes me- ninges and numerous blood vessels) (Figure 1). Figure 1. The scalp, skull,
46、 meninges, and brain. The scalp consists of five layers arranged as follows (going from superficial to deep): skin; connective tissue (subcutaneous); aponeurosis epicranialis; loose connective tissue; and pericranium. (A useful pneumonic utilizes the fact that the first letter of the name of each la
47、yer spells “scalp” (Figure 2). The first scalp layer, the skin, typically has thickness on the order of one-quarter inch and is composed of two major sub-layers: a superficial epidermis and a deep dermis.2 The second layer, the subcutaneous connective tissue, is richly supplied with blood vessels an
48、d so lacerations extending to this level are likely to be associated with bleeding. Furthermore, the blood vessels are so firmly supported that they cannot retract if lacerated and thereby “seal” themselves, as would normally be the case. Therefore, hemor- rhage resulting from a cut that includes this layer may be greater than otherwise expected. The third layer, the “apone
