1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-22212-3 SANS 1951:2008 Edition 1 ISO 1951:2007 Edition 3SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Presentation/representation of entries in dictiona
4、ries Requirements, recommendations and information This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 1951:2007 and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pret
5、oria 0001 Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.SANS 1951:2008 Edition 1 ISO 1951:2007 Edition 3 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African
6、 standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in November 2008. This standard may only
7、be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS. Reference number ISO 1951:2007(E) ISO 2007INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1951 Third edition 2007-02-15 Presentation/representation of entries in dictionaries Requirements, recommendations and information Prsentation/reprse
8、ntation des entres dans les dictionnaires Exigences, recommandations et information SANS 1951:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 1951:2007(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with A
9、dobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing poli
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13、. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2007 All rights reservedSANS 1951:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 1951:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserve
14、d iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 Formal description of dictionary entries.3 4.1 An overview of data elements and compositional elements 3 4.1.1 Data elements 4 4.1.2 Hierarchical structures: dictionary and entries .8 4.1.3 Co
15、mpositional elements.9 4.2 Formal structure of a dictionary entry 13 4.2.1 Formal grammar for high-level structures13 4.2.2 Formal grammar for other lexical unit containers .16 4.2.3 Formal grammar for blocks17 4.2.4 Formal grammar for other comment containers17 4.2.5 Formal grammar for lexical unit
16、s.18 4.2.6 Formal grammar for comments .19 4.3 Content models .20 4.3.1 Content elements 20 4.3.2 Embedded elements21 4.3.3 Basic elements 22 4.3.4 Pointer 23 4.3.5 Formal grammar for embedded containers23 4.3.6 Formal grammar for data category content24 4.4 General qualifiers 25 5 Means of presenta
17、tion 25 5.1 Layout aids.25 5.1.1 General .25 5.1.2 Layout aids for dictionaries .25 5.2 Compacting mechanisms.26 5.2.1 General abbreviations.26 5.2.2 Abbreviated headword repetitions 26 5.2.3 Repeat symbols (Tilde or Dash).26 5.2.4 Nesting27 Annex A (informative) Arabic, Roman and Hellenic numbering
18、 system.28 Annex B (informative) Tables of functions of lexicographical symbols .30 Annex C (informative) Examples of XML encoding.45 Annex D (informative) Assigning layout aids to dictionary components and compacting dictionary entries.68 Bibliography76 SANS 1951:2008This standard may only be used
19、and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 1951:2007(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International S
20、tandards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, als
21、o take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committe
22、es is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possi
23、bility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 1951 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 2, Ter
24、minographical and lexicographical working methods. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 1951:1997), the scope of which has been extended in order to address publishers and users needs by taking into account various types of electronic dictionaries and the constraints of si
25、ngle sourcing for producing dictionaries, as well as disseminating and reusing data in lexicographical practice. Real dictionary entries used as examples in this International Standard only illustrate the principles of XML representation of lexicographical data and their associated presentations. Th
26、ey do not engage the publishers responsibility. SANS 1951:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 1951:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved vIntroduction General aim of this International Standard During the past decade, diction
27、ary-making processes have undergone important changes due to the spread of electronic dictionaries. Consequently, lexicographers are faced with a growing diversification of methods during dictionary preparation and publishing. This revised International Standard aims to support the creation and mana
28、gement of various types of dictionaries. It takes into account different ways of using dictionaries, especially such new functionalities of electronic documents as hyperlinks. To allow dictionary content to be reused in different printed and electronic formats, lexicographers increasingly tend to cr
29、eate a single well-structured lexicographical source or data repository. In addition to reproducing all the typographical conventions described in the former edition of ISO 1951, this revised International Standard provides a specific model based on current best professional practices, in order to a
30、llow necessary production, exchange and management procedures. In the text of this International Standard, the use of the auxiliary verb “shall” indicates a requirement or specification that is to be met precisely as stated; the use of the auxiliary verb “should” indicates a recommendation of a good
31、 way to do something that is to be followed unless a better way can be demonstrated to have been adopted; and the use of the auxiliary verb “can” indicates information that the user may find useful. SANS 1951:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing cli
32、ents of the SABS.SANS 1951:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1951:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1Presentation/representation of entries in dictionaries Requirements, recommendations and inform
33、ation 1 Scope This International Standard deals with monolingual and multilingual, general and specialized dictionaries. It specifies a formal generic structure independent of the publishing media and it proposes means of presenting entries in print and electronic dictionaries. The relationship betw
34、een the formal structure and the presentation of entries used by publishers and read by users is explained in examples provided in the informative annexes. The objective of this International Standard is to facilitate the production, merging, comparison, extraction, exchange, dissemination and retri
35、eval of lexicographical data in dictionaries. Following a lexicographical lemma-oriented approach, it does not deal with concept-oriented works as defined in ISO 704. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference
36、s, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 704:2000, Terminology work Principles and methods ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work Vocabulary Part 1: Theory and application 3 Terms and definitions For t
37、he purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 704 and ISO 1087-1 and the following apply. These definitions concern basic and unambiguous terms of dictionary structure and presentation, common in most types of dictionaries, which are within the scope of this International Stan
38、dard. Terms considered specific to certain dictionaries have not been included here. 3.1 comment metalinguistic information describing a lexical unit (3.8) by means of lexicographical data elements (3.3) or compositional elements (3.2) 3.2 compositional element composite information unit made of ele
39、ments NOTE There are three families of compositional elements: blocks (3.2.1), containers (3.2.2) and groups (3.2.3). SANS 1951:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.ISO 1951:2007(E) 2 ISO 2007 All rights reserved3.2.1 block facto
40、rizing structure compositional element (3.2) used to factorize elements (3.5) that are shared as refiners by many instances of a specific element NOTE Examples of blocks are provided in Tables 6 to 14. 3.2.2 container refining structure compositional element (3.2) used to supply additional informati
41、on about one single specific data element (3.3) by the mean of other elements (3.5) EXAMPLE A headword container is used for giving the pronunciation or the part of speech which refines a headword (3.6) which is itself the refined data element. NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 16642:2003, C.4.5. NOTE 2 An ex
42、ample of a container is provided in Tables 4 and 5. 3.2.3 group compositional element (3.2) used to aggregate several independent elements (3.5) EXAMPLE A sense is described by a group of elements such as definition, subject field, etc. NOTE An example of a group is provided in Tables 15 and 16. 3.3
43、 data element data category unit of data for which the definition, identification, representation, and permissible values are specified by means of a set of attributes ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004, definition 3.3.8 NOTE Lists of data elements are provided in Tables 1 and 2. 3.4 dictionary entry lexicographi
44、cal entry entry part of a dictionary which contains information related to one lemma (3.7) and its variants 3.5 element any data element (3.3) or compositional element (3.2) 3.6 headword entry word lemma (3.7) that serves as the heading for an entry in a dictionary 3.7 lemma base word lexical unit (
45、3.8) chosen according to lexicographical conventions to represent the different forms of an inflectional paradigm EXAMPLE “Sell” is the lemma of the paradigm “sells, sold, selling, etc.” SANS 1951:2008This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the
46、SABS.ISO 1951:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 33.8 lexical unit unit of language, belonging to the lexicon of a given language and which is described or mentioned in a dictionary 3.9 lexicographical symbol letter, punctuation mark, other typographical or graphic symbol or group of symbols or an
47、y combination thereof used to represent certain lexicographical or terminological data as displayed or output either singularly or in conjunction with another item of lexicographical data 3.10 nested entry grouping structure for related dictionary entries that share a common headword 4 Formal descri
48、ption of dictionary entries For the sake of clarity, the following formal model, thereafter called XmLex, is illustrated by short examples encoded according to an XML Definition Type Document called XmLex_V00 (for more information, see informative Annex C). 4.1 An overview of data elements and compo
49、sitional elements Dictionary entries can be seen as comments about topics, that are lexical units. An entry has a main topic (the headword); other topics (e.g. variants, translations) are said to be “related topics”. Topics and comments are data elements. Each data element has a content model. Data elements are grouped into compositional elements in order to produce an unambiguous and fully computable entry. Open lists of data elements and compositional elements are provided herein, and are extendable by the user for specific purp
