1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-21950-5 SANS 27687:2008Edition 1ISO/TS 27687:2008Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Nanotechnologies Terminology and definitions for
4、 nano-objects Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO/TS 27687:2008, and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X19
5、1 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 27687:2008 Edition 1 ISO/TS 27687:2008 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 229, Nanotechnologies, in accordance with
6、 procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in October 2008. Reference numberISO/TS 27687:2008(E)ISO 2008TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS27687First edition2008-08-15Nanotechnologies Terminology and definitions for na
7、no-objects Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate Nanotechnologies Terminologie et dfinitions relatives aux nano-objets Nanoparticule, nanofibre et nanoplat SANS 27687:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) PD
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11、T PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2008 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
12、ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedSANS 27687:2008This s tandard may only be used and pri
13、nted by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iiiForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International St
14、andards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also
15、 take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committee
16、s is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In other circumstances, particul
17、arly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of document: an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it i
18、s approved by more than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting a vote. An
19、 ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either
20、 be transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TS 27687 was prepared by Technica
21、l Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies. SANS 27687:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reservedIntroduction As many authorities predict that applications of nanotechnologies will p
22、ervade all areas of life and will enable dramatic advances to be realized in all areas of communication, health, manufacturing, materials and knowledge-based technologies, there is an obvious need to provide industry and research with suitable tools to aid the development and application of those te
23、chnologies. It is also essential that regulators and health and environmental protection agencies have available reliable measurement systems and evaluation protocols supported by well-founded and robust standards. Often in the field of nanotechnologies, researchers with the aid of microscopes name
24、materials inspired by the shape of objects found in everyday life although the physical size is much smaller. The prefix, nano-, is often added to denote the small size of the object. (The prefix nano-, is also used in S.I. units to indicate 109e.g. 1 nanometre = 109metre.) To create a unitary stand
25、ard, this terminology and definitions document encompasses terms used in both nanosciences and nanotechnologies concerning particles at the nano-scale. Nano-object and other new terms are coined to allow development of a rational hierarchical system of definitions. This hierarchy will allow systemat
26、ic building of vocabulary and is contained in a larger hierarchy of terms under development for nanotechnologies. This document provides an up-to-date listing of terms and definitions relevant to the area. It forms one part of a projected multi-part terminology and definitions document covering the
27、different aspects of nanotechnologies. It is intended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in industry and those who interact with them. This document is concerned with the definition of terminology and definitions for these small objects. These objects come in several
28、shapes; the three basic shapes referred to in this document are illustrated in Figure 1: a) nanoparticle b) nanorod c) nanoplate Figure 1 Schematic diagrams showing some shapes for nano-objects There is a hierarchical relationship between many of the different terms in the document. Some elements of
29、 this are shown in Figure 2 to illustrate some of the relationships that exist. SANS 27687:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vFigure 2 Fragment of hierarchy of terms related
30、to nano-objects SANS 27687:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .SANS 27687:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 27687:2008(
31、E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1Nanotechnologies Terminology and definitions for nano-objects Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate 1 Scope This Technical Specification lists terms and definitions related to particles in the field of nanotechnologies. It is intended to facilitate communications bet
32、ween organizations and individuals in industry and those who interact with them. 2 Core terms related to particles 2.1 nanoscale size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm NOTE 1 Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size will typically, but not exclusively, be exhibited in this siz
33、e range. For such properties the size limits are considered approximate. NOTE 2 The lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm) is introduced to avoid single and small groups of atoms from being designated as nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the absence o
34、f a lower limit. 2.2 nano-object material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale NOTE Generic term for all discrete nanoscale objects. 3 Terms concerning particles and assemblies of particles Nano-objects (for example nanoparticles, nanofibres, and nanoplates see Clause 4), ofte
35、n occur in (large) groups, rather than isolated. For reasons of surface energy, such coexisting nano-objects are likely to interact. In the description of these interactions, the following terms are often used. The following terms are not restricted with respect to physical size and shape. These ter
36、ms are included for completeness and their importance at the nanoscale. 3.1 particle minute piece of matter with defined physical boundaries ISO 14644-6:2007, definition 2.102 NOTE 1 A physical boundary can also be described as an interface. NOTE 2 A particle can move as a unit. NOTE 3 This general
37、particle definition applies to nano-objects. SANS 27687:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved3.2 agglomerate collection of weakly bound particles or aggregates or mixtures of t
38、he two where the resulting external surface area is similar to the sum of the surface areas of the individual components NOTE 1 The forces holding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces, or simple physical entanglement. NOTE 2 Agglomerates are also termed secondary
39、 particles and the original source particles are termed primary particles. 3.3 aggregate particle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the resulting external surface area may be significantly smaller than the sum of calculated surface areas of the individual components NOTE 1 The forc
40、es holding an aggregate together are strong forces, for example covalent bonds, or those resulting from sintering or complex physical entanglement. NOTE 2 Aggregates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed primary particles. 4 Terms specific to nano-objects 4
41、.1 nanoparticle nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale NOTE If the lengths of the longest to the shortest axes of the nano-object differ significantly (typically by more than three times), the terms nanorod or nanoplate are intended to be used instead of the term nanoparticl
42、e. 4.2 nanoplate nano-object with one external dimension in the nanoscale and the two other external dimensions significantly larger NOTE 1 The smallest external dimension is the thickness of the nanoplate. NOTE 2 The two significantly larger dimensions are considered to differ from the nanoscale di
43、mension by more than three times. NOTE 3 The larger external dimensions are not necessarily in the nanoscale. 4.3 nanofibre nano-object with two similar external dimensions in the nanoscale and the third dimension significantly larger NOTE 1 A nanofibre can be flexible or rigid. NOTE 2 The two simil
44、ar external dimensions are considered to differ in size by less than three times and the significantly larger external dimension is considered to differ from the other two by more than three times. NOTE 3 The largest external dimension is not necessarily in the nanoscale. 4.4 nanotube hollow nanofib
45、re SANS 27687:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 34.5 nanorod solid nanofibre 4.6 nanowire electrically conducting or semi-conducting nanofibre 4.7 quantum dot crystalline nan
46、oparticle that exhibits size-dependent properties due to quantum confinement effects on the electronic states SANS 27687:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/TS 27687:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reservedAnnex A (informati
47、ve) Particle size measurement A.1 Introduction Particle size is a fundamental attribute of disperse materials. However, the reported particle size and associated accuracy are dependent on a number of considerations. A.2 Sampling and size distributions A.2.1 General Particles from either natural sour
48、ces or when manufactured under carefully controlled conditions, exist as populations with a range of sizes, shapes, morphologies and compositions. For good quality measurement, a representative sample of a sufficient number of particles to adequately define the population must first be obtained. The
49、 approach needed is affected by the media surrounding the particles, and also if the particles are transferred from one media to another. An example is the deposition of particles from liquid, air or powder to a surface for exposure to a vacuum environment for electron microscopy. The particles might be altered by the different environments (e.g. semi-volatile materials may out-gas) or agglomerates might be dispersed by shear forces during measurement (e.g. in the nozzle of a cascade impactor). The transfer of particle
