1、SSPC-TU 7May 4, 20151SSPC: The Society for Protective CoatingsTechnology Update No. 7CONDUCTING AMBIENT AIR, SOIL, AND WATER SAMPLING OFSURFACE PREPARATION AND PAINT DISTURBANCE ACTIVITIES1. SCOPE1.1 This technology update describes a variety of air, water and soil/sediment monitoring methods used f
2、or measuring emissions of hazardous and toxic substances, particulate matter, or dust emissions during surface preparation operations, construction or painting activities. The monitoring guidelines presented in this document provide methods for assessing the effectiveness of work site engineering co
3、ntrols (e.g., containment and ventilation systems) implemented to protect the public and the surrounding environment and to assess the impact of hazardous and toxic substances, as well as; dust emissions from project operations, materials, equipment and other potential emission generating operations
4、 (e.g., waste handling operations).1.2 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE1.2.1 This technology update describes methods and equipment used for assessing emissions during surface preparation and other emission generating operations and to assess whether the controls in place are adequate for protecting the public,
5、 the environment, and adjacent personnel or meeting federal, state and local regulations or specified requirements. The intent of this report is to present the user with a variety of methods of testing that may be appropriate for monitoring project emissions, and describe the information provided by
6、 each of the monitoring methods. The criteria used for selecting a particular monitoring method must be determined on a case-by-case basis by the facility owner or specifier but should include consideration of the type of surface preparation operation being performed; the dust-producing nature of th
7、e operation; the type of containment; proximity of the work area(s) to the public; sensitive environmental receptors; adjacent personnel; the amount of lead, other toxic metal, or hazards present in the coating, abrasive or other materials; and other site-specific characteristics.1.2.2 The emission
8、assessment methods presented herein are primarily intended to provide guidance to designers, engineers, facility owners and specifiers when conducting surface preparation involving hazardous and toxic substances. However, the methods may be applicable to demolition, retrofitting, and other construct
9、ion activities where hazardous and toxic substances, dust, or fume emissions may be generated.1.3 INTENDED USERS: This technology update is intended to be used by facility owners, government agencies, engineers, specifiers, designers, environmental monitoring firms, and contractors. The guidelines m
10、ay also be used by other responsible parties conducting similar activities.1.4 REGULATIONS: The primary federal regulations currently addressing exposures to hazardous and toxic substances, fugitive emissions of dust include: the Clean Air Act (CAA), and all amendments such as the National Ambient A
11、ir Quality Standards (NAAQS) for airborne lead, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than ten (10) and two and one-half (2.5) micrometers (PM-10 and PM-2.5), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability
12、Act (CERCLA), all mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) General Industry, Shipyard, and Construction Industry Comprehensive Health Standards for Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Hexavalent Chromium, and other constituents t
13、hat are present in or on substrates, coatings, and abrasives. 2. APPLICATION2.1 USE OF THE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE: This Technology Update is intended to provide assistance in selecting a method or methods of emission monitoring to use during surface preparation projects. Once the method is selected, the
14、Technology Update presents guidance on how to perform the emission assessments and how to interpret the information provided by the monitoring method and methods for establishing acceptance criteria. This Technology Update is not intended to replace professional training, certification, or the exper
15、ience of environmental, health and safety professionals. 2.2 EMISSION MONITORING METHODS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA: A summary of the methods presented in this report and the common acceptance criteria (based on federal regulations or practice) is summarized below. State and local regulations, or speci
16、fications may impose more stringent acceptance criteria: 2.2.1 TSP-Lead: This method is performed using high-volume air samplers to monitor lead in the form of total suspended particulate (TSP-lead). Monitoring is performed SSPC-TU 7May 4, 20152in accordance with 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix B. Analysis
17、 is performed in accordance with 40 CFR 50, Appendix G. The acceptance criteria have traditionally been based upon the NAAQS criteria for lead or an adjusted value based on the NAAQS. The current value is 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3) as a three month rolling average. It was previously 1.5
18、g/m3as a 90-day average. 2.2.2 Area or Perimeter Air Monitoring for Hazardous and Toxic Substances or Dusts: This method is performed at the perimeter or other work areas for hazardous and toxic substances. Monitoring and analysis is performed in accordance with the applicable NIOSH Method for the h
19、azardous and toxic substances present. The acceptance criteria are typically established as less than the OSHA Action Level or PEL for the substance. 2.2.3 PM-10: This method is performed using high-volume air samplers to assess particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter of less than ten (10)
20、 micrometers. Monitoring and analysis is performed in accordance with 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix J. Acceptance criteria are typically based upon the NAAQS criteria for PM-10 of 150 micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3) as a 24-hour average. NOTE: While it used to be common, PM-10 monitoring is rarely spec
21、ified and SSPC recommends TSP method over PM-10 in most cases. However, because the PM-10 method is referenced in current federal regulations and has been previously specified, it is included here for the sake of completeness and the monitoring method has been retained. 2.2.4 PM-2.5: This method is
22、performed using either continuous monitoring or filter-based high- or low-volume air samplers to assess particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers. Monitoring and analysis is performed in accordance with 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix J. Acceptance criteria are typically
23、based upon the NAAQS primary or secondary standards for PM-2.5 of 12 to 13 as a 3-year average or of 35 g/m3as a 24-hour average. NOTE: PM-2.5 is rarely performed. However, because the PM-2.5 method is referenced in current federal regulations, it is included here as a discussion item for the sake o
24、f completeness. 2.2.4 Visible Emission Evaluations - Timing: This method is performed by measuring the duration of the visible emission of total dust. Visible emission evaluations are performed in accordance with 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A, Method 22, Visual Determination of Fugitive Emissions for M
25、aterial Sources and Smoke Emissions from Flares. Acceptance criteria are typically based upon a limit of allowable emissions such as 1% of the workday. 2.2.5 Visible Emission Evaluations - Opacity: This method is performed by assessing the opacity of observed emissions of total dust. Opacity emissio
26、n evaluation is performed in accordance with 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A, Method 9, Visual Determination of the Opacity of Emissions from Stationary Sources. The acceptance criterion is typically an allowable opacity based upon federal, state and local requirements such as 20% opacity for up to three
27、 (3) minutes or a maximum of 60 % opacity at any time. NOTE: While it used to be common, visible emissions for opacity is rarely specified. However since it continues to be used by federal, state and local agencies to assess compliance with fugitive, abrasive blasting, and/or visible emission regula
28、tions, it is included here for the sake of completeness and the method has been retained. 2.2.6 Soil Sampling: Soil sampling for lead is typically performed by collecting pre- and post-project samples and performing a statistical comparison between the sample sets. Sample preparation is typically pe
29、rformed in accordance with EPA Method 3050 and analysis for total lead is performed using an approved NIOSH or similar method. The acceptance criteria are typically based upon a minimum statistical increase in total lead using geometric mean averages, the Student T-test, or the EPA 40 CFR 745 Guidel
30、ines. While generally only performed for lead, the methodologies could be applied to other hazardous and toxic substances. 2.2.7 Water and Sediment Sampling: Sample collection is typically performed at the surface of the water or in sediment where the depth of the water is less than 18 feet. Sample
31、preparation is typically performed in accordance with EPA Method 3050 and analysis for total lead using an approved NIOSH or similar method. NOTE: Water and sediment sampling is rarely performed unless sensitive environmental receptors are present.2.2.8 Real-Time Monitoring: This method is performed
32、 by using hand-held or mounted samplers to monitor for respirable or total dust. There is no regulatory standard assigned to this method. The acceptance criteria are typically established by the specifier. NOTE: This method is rarely performed outside of NYCDOT where it was required as part of the F
33、inal Environmental Impact Statement for Bridge Painting. This method was included in Appendix A of the previous version of SSPC-TU 7, but has been deleted from this version. 2.3 Monitoring Frequency: In the case of soil, water, and sediment sampling, samples are typically collected pre- and post-pro
34、ject (with occasional mid-project samples). Visible emissions observations are generally conducted for short durations throughout the workday. There are five typically specified monitoring frequencies for ambient air monitoring. 2.3.1 No Monitoring: Monitoring of emissions is not performed.2.3.2 Mon
35、itoring for Complaints: Emission monitoring is performed when a complaint is received. The duration of monitoring is determined on a case-by-case basis.2.3.3 Job Initiation Monitoring: Emission monitoring is performed during the initial phases of the project. The total number of monitoring days is d
36、etermined and established in SSPC-TU 7May 4, 20153the specification, e.g., five of the first ten work days. No further monitoring is performed if the project is determined to be in compliance with the acceptance criteria. Monitoring is continued if the project is not in compliance with the acceptanc
37、e criteria until controls are modified and it is shown to be in compliance.2.3.4 Job Initiation and Periodic Monitoring: Monitoring is performed at the beginning of the project and at regular intervals thereafter. Initial monitoring is performed in accordance with 2.3.3. Monitoring is repeated at a
38、predetermined interval, i.e., one week per month. The monitoring frequency is determined by the specifier or user. 2.3.5 Full-time (Continuous) Monitoring: Monitoring is performed for the duration of the potential dust- or emission- producing operations.2.4 SELECTION OF MONITORING METHODS: The selec
39、tion of emission monitoring methods for a particular project will be dependent upon a variety of factors. Each project will have unique characteristics that must be considered by the specifier. 2.4.1 Project-Specific Considerations:a. The presence and concentrations of lead or other toxic metals suc
40、h as cadmium, chromium, and arsenic present in the substrate, coatings, or abrasives. b. The dust or emission generating potential of the method of surface preparation being performed.c. The type and level of containment being specified.d. The type of emissions, if any, which may be generated by the
41、 project. Typically these would include total dust, PM-10, lead, or other toxic metal, or fume.e. The proximity of adjacent personnel.f. The proximity of the public, particularly locations where children may be present such as day care centers, schools, or high density populations, housing and other
42、 sensitive receptors.g. The proximity of sensitive environmental receptors (e.g., wetlands, oyster beds).h. The duration of the project.i. Specific state or local regulatory requirements.j. Mobilization or cost considerations2.4.2 Objective / Purpose of Monitoring2.4.2.1 Compliance With NAAQS for Le
43、ad, PM-10 or PM-2.5: It must be noted that while ambient air monitoring methods for Lead and Particulate Matter are based upon the NAAQS limits, such monitoring is not being performed to assure strict compliance with NAAQS. (The NAAQS is not directly applicable to short-term field maintenance painti
44、ng projects.) Monitoring is most often performed to determine that the health and welfare of the public is not being impacted and to establish documentation of lead and PM-10 emissions generated during the work. 2.4.2.2 Compliance With State and Local Regulations: Many state and local environmental
45、and air quality regulations have prohibitions on visible or fugitive emissions, water cleaning and wet removal, and in some cases have specific regulations related to abrasive blast cleaning and coatings application, including containment methods, ambient air monitoring requirements, permit requirem
46、ents, etc. Users should review state and local regulations and incorporate their requirements into project specifications and environmental monitoring programs.2.4.2.3 Compliance with Project Specifications: Many owners and facilities establish their own acceptance criteria or objectives.2.4.3 Type
47、of Results / Immediacy of Results: The desired accuracy of the data and the turnaround time for obtaining results may also be a factor when selecting monitoring methods. A combination of qualitative and quantitative results may be appropriate. 2.4.3.1 Qualitative (Immediate) Feedback: Methods that g
48、ive immediate results include: visible emission evaluations using timed measurements and visible emission evaluation using opacity measurements. Visual methods do not provide quantitative information on hazardous and toxic substance values; however, they do provide a means of assessing emissions imm
49、ediately and may provide information on the level of controls provided by containment and ventilation systems.2.4.3.2 Quantitative Results: These methods include: high-volume air sampling for lead and PM-10, low-volume area sampling for hazardous and toxic substances, or soil, water, and dust sampling. These methods provide quantitative results regarding emissions that can be compared to the NAAQS, OSHA Action Levels, and specified requirements. These methods require sample collection and related equipment, as well as laboratory analysis. The results are typically not available for 24 to 7
