1、 TSB-473 February 2012GREEN Study NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in select
2、ing and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for their particular need. The existence of such Standards and Publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of TIA from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such Standards and Publications. Neither shal
3、l the existence of such Standards and Publications preclude their voluntary use by Non-TIA members, either domestically or internationally. Standards and Publications are adopted by TIA in accordance with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) patent policy. By such action, TIA does not as
4、sume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard or Publication. This Standard does not purport to address all safety problems associated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It is the responsibility of the user of
5、 this Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. (From Project No. PN-3-0390, formulated under the cognizance of the TIA TR-45 Mobile (b) there is no assurance that the Document will be approved by any Co
6、mmittee of TIA or any other body in its present or any other form; (c) the Document may be amended, modified or changed in the standards development or any editing process. The use or practice of contents of this Document may involve the use of intellectual property rights (“IPR”), including pending
7、 or issued patents, or copyrights, owned by one or more parties. TIA makes no search or investigation for IPR. When IPR consisting of patents and published pending patent applications are claimed and called to TIAs attention, a statement from the holder thereof is requested, all in accordance with t
8、he Manual. TIA takes no position with reference to, and disclaims any obligation to investigate or inquire into, the scope or validity of any claims of IPR. TIA will neither be a party to discussions of any licensing terms or conditions, which are instead left to the parties involved, nor will TIA o
9、pine or judge whether proposed licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. TIA does not warrant or represent that procedures or practices suggested or provided in the Manual have been complied with as respects the Document or its contents. If the Document contains one or more
10、 Normative References to a document published by another organization (“other SSO”) engaged in the formulation, development or publication of standards (whether designated as a standard, specification, recommendation or otherwise), whether such reference consists of mandatory, alternate or optional
11、elements (as defined in the TIA Engineering Manual, 4thedition) then (i) TIA disclaims any duty or obligation to search or investigate the records of any other SSO for IPR or letters of assurance relating to any such Normative Reference; (ii) TIAs policy of encouragement of voluntary disclosure (see
12、 Engineering Manual Section 6.5.1) of Essential Patent(s) and published pending patent applications shall apply; and (iii) Information as to claims of IPR in the records or publications of the other SSO shall not constitute identification to TIA of a claim of Essential Patent(s) or published pending
13、 patent applications. TIA does not enforce or monitor compliance with the contents of the Document. TIA does not certify, inspect, test or otherwise investigate products, designs or services or any claims of compliance with the contents of the Document. ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE DISCLA
14、IMED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES CONCERNING THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS, ITS FITNESS OR APPROPRIATENESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, ITS MERCHANTABILITY AND ITS NONINFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD PARTYS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. TIA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL RESPON
15、SIBILITIES FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES REGARDING THE CONTENTS COMPLIANCE WITH ANY APPLICABLE STATUTE, RULE OR REGULATION, OR THE SAFETY OR HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CONTENTS OR ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE REFERRED TO IN THE DOCUMENT OR PRODUCED OR RENDERED TO C
16、OMPLY WITH THE CONTENTS. TIA SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY AND ALL DAMAGES, DIRECT OR INDIRECT, ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO ANY USE OF THE CONTENTS CONTAINED HEREIN, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY AND ALL INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS,
17、 LOSS OF PROFITS, LITIGATION, OR THE LIKE), WHETHER BASED UPON BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF WARRANTY, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), PRODUCT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THE FOREGOING NEGATION OF DAMAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF THE CONTENT
18、S HEREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. Editor 1 Alex Gogic, QUALCOMM, 2 3 Revision History 4 Version Description Date v1.0 Initial publication December 2010 v2.0 Version update to address TIA legal comments September 2011 5 S.R0140-0 v2.0 i 1 Contents 2
19、 List of Figures . ii 3 List of Tables . iii 4 Foreword iv 5 1 Introduction .1 6 1.1 Overview 1 7 1.2 Scope 1 8 1.3 Document Conventions 1 9 1.4 References 2 10 2 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Terminology 3 11 3 Target Scenarios for GREEN Study .5 12 3.1 Supply of Power from Diverse Sources .5 13 3.2
20、 Controlling Femtocells and Other Household Objects 7 14 4 Interface Enhancements to Support GREEN 8 15 4.1 Access Network Enhancements .8 16 4.1.1 RF Carrier Control as Function of Demand .8 17 4.2 Radio Enhancements 17 18 4.3 Packet Data Network Enhancements .17 19 4.4 OAM hence the power from thi
21、s source is 11 shown as zero at that time. When system demand on the commercial 12 electric grid starts going up in the morning, some of the charged power 13 from the battery is used to lessen the demand on the electric grid from 14 the network equipment. As solar power is entered into the equation,
22、 15 the demand on the battery power peaks in the late afternoon and 16 evening hours, when solar source of power diminishes. 17 Commercial electric power demand curve in this example scenario is 18 shown in solid blue line, and it is roughly an inverse of the solar power, 19 with the exception that
23、this power source is largely used for recharging 20 the battery. As such, the battery and solar power are used to augment 21 and mitigate the use of commercial electric power when its least 22 available. 23 Power demand of the network equipment is shown as dashed red line, 24 and it is almost consta
24、nt over the course of the day. Per energy 25 conservation theorem, the sum of the curves from the three sources of 26 power shown equals the power demand by the network equipment. 27 Figure 3.1-2 graphically illustrates that relationship. 28 S.R0140-0 v2.0 7 Battery can be viewed as energy-neutral,
25、since it is merely a means of 1 time-shifting the power consumed from other sources. Solar is the 2 energy efficient source of power, since it does not involve carbon 3 emissions to the atmosphere. Hence, the commercial electric grid 4 source of power remains the target for reducing carbon emissions
26、, if we 5 assume that at least some of the power generated in the grid is caused 6 by carbon fuels. Hence, one can think of the area under the solid blue 7 line in the figure as the opportunity to reduce carbon emissions. 8 In conclusion, since the peak demand for communication traffic in the 9 exam
27、ple illustrated in Figure 3.1-2 is during the time between early 10 morning hours (e.g., 6 AM) until late evening hours (e.g., 11 PM), the 11 target of GREEN study is to look for opportunities to lower power 12 demand in the base station in the remainder of the daily cycle (e.g., 11 13 PM to 6 AM in
28、 the example illustrated in Figure 3.1-2). Note that the 14 specific usage pattern illustrated in Figure 3.1-2 is only an example for 15 a given market, and it may look differently elsewhere. 16 3.2 Controlling Femtocells and Other Household Objects 17 During a large part of the day, a home installe
29、d femtocell may idle if no 18 one is at home. Conversely, during off-business hours, a femtocell 19 installed at a small business premise may also idle. This idling 20 operation results in both needless power consumption and creation of 21 interference to the macro system, particularly if pilot beac
30、on design is 22 used. 23 As the adoption rate of femtocells increases, femtocell density may 24 become as high as Wi-Fi density, or higher. The added power 25 consumption of an idling femtocell may not significantly change the 26 energy bill for an individual home or business. However, the 27 cumula
31、tive effect of the power of many idle femtocells can be sizable. 28 Environmental laws require ever increasing efficiency from appliances 29 and other types devices (e.g., battery chargers for cell phones, laptops, 30 or MP3 players), including automatic shutdown when idling. 31 In this GREEN target
32、 scenario, the goal is to automatically turn off 32 power to the Femtocell Access Point or FAP (at the very minimum, the 33 RF circuitry) when femtocell service access is not required. As an 34 extension, the methodology can enable similar power control of certain 35 household appliances and environ
33、mental controls (e.g., heat, air 36 conditioning). 37 38 S.R0140-0 v2.0 8 4 INTERFACE ENHANCEMENTS TO SUPPORT GREEN 1 4.1 Access Network Enhancements 2 4.1.1 RF Carrier Control as Function of Demand 3 4.1.1.1 BS Power Consumption Considerations 4 In addition to battery life considerations for user t
34、erminals, requirements for 5 power consumption by infrastructure functional elements can also be 6 addressed. This is in consideration of the current worldwide drive toward more 7 efficient products and technologies. For example, the following requirement 8 can be considered: 9 Wireless traffic volu
35、mes vary with time of the day (e.g., traffic may go 10 down at night when users are less active). Base stations supporting 11 multiple carrier frequencies could potentially handle the lower traffic 12 with fewer carriers by moving users to a reduced set of carriers and 13 temporarily turning off tra
36、nsmission of unused ones, or the network may 14 choose to turn off certain base stations to reduce energy consumption 15 with the neighboring base stations if this can be accomplished with no 16 loss of coverage. 17 In this example, when cellular traffic demand falls, some resources in the 18 base s
37、tation can be turned off or put on stand-by. As elaborated below, 19 some redistribution of traffic may be necessary. The overall intended 20 result is reduced power consumption by BS equipment. 21 Depending on base station design, baseband channels can typically be used in 22 combination with any R
38、F carrier. In principle, an unused baseband channel or 23 channel group may be put in stand-by mode with the result that power 24 consumed by baseband processing equipment can be reduced. However, since 25 a physical element typically has multi-channel capability, use of a single 26 channel or all c
39、hannels in that element results in the need to power up the 27 entire element. In this case, the power consumption does not vary significantly 28 regardless of how many channels are in use within the element. 29 Baseband processing circuits account for a much lower portion of the total BS 30 power w
40、hen compared with RF equipment. In particular, a Power Amplifier 31 (PA) is an element with significant power consumption. An RF carrier can use 32 a distinct PA, or a PA may serve multiple RF carriers in a given sector. Either 33 way, if an entire PA or a portion of the carriers served by a PA can
41、be turned 34 off, the power savings can be considerable. 35 S.R0140-0 v2.0 9 4.1.1.2 Control Procedure Outline for cdma2000 1x 1 The primary objective is to use existing standards-based capabilities to 2 automatically control RF carriers as a function of demand. This is illustrated 3 in the section
42、below. 4 The following terminology is used: 5 N Total number of cdma2000-1x RF carriers deployed (N1 in this 6 discussion) 7 R Number of cdma2000-1x RF carriers being turned off when 8 demand falls (R= 1 to N-1). 9 Note that turning off carriers may be conducted in multiple steps of 10 varying R. 11
43、 The system monitors network load in each BS and computes running average 12 of load (Erlangs) and blocking rate (BR). The system also projects the BR when 13 R carriers are turned off (i.e., N-R carriers operating). If the projected BR is 14 below an operator specified target level, the system init
44、iates a traffic 15 redistribution sequence and turns off the unneeded RF carriers. 16 The traffic redistribution sequence (i.e., the redistribution of traffic based on a 17 reduction of number of active carriers) may consist of the following steps: 18 Step 1: Reconfigure CDMA Channel List Message to
45、 exclude R carriers 19 targeted to be turned off; Simultaneously, increment MSG_SEQ (see 20 details below) parameter in that message. 21 This is intended to signal to idle mobiles to begin re-hashing on a 22 reduced set of N-R RF carriers (see step 3 below). Note that the choice of 23 which RF carri
46、er(s) to turn off can be based on considerations to reduce 24 adjacent channel interference (i.e., the remaining N-R carriers need not 25 necessarily be adjacent to each other). 26 Step 2: Reconfigure the Neighbor Lists of neighboring cells, if required. 27 Step 3: Start assigning new traffic to a r
47、educed set of N-R carriers. 28 Note that the MS checks the CDMA Channel list message prior to 29 entering access state, either as response to a page or to send call 30 origination message. Therefore, if a MS had not yet re-hashed to one of 31 N-R RF carriers, it will do so as part of the procedure t
48、o enter the access 32 state. This will minimize the possibility of channel assignment on a 33 different RF carrier, and therefore maintain maximum possible call setup 34 reliability. 35 Step 4: For the period of time T31m (600 s), page MSs on both old and new RF 36 carriers (i.e., assuming hashing a
49、mong N and N-R carriers, respectively). 37 38 S.R0140-0 v2.0 10 T31m is a timer defining maximum time for which configuration 1 parameters are considered valid (see C.S0005). Since this timer runs 2 independently for each MS, the exact time when the mobile rehashes to 3 the new set of RF carriers is not known. However, all mobiles will be re-4 hashed within the T31m time period. 5 Step 5: Upon expiration of T31m, on any of the R carriers targeted for shut-6 down, perform inter-frequency hard handoff of active connections to 7 distribute among the remaining N-R carri
