1、 TSB-5008 December 2014Mechanically-Generated Balanced Twisted-Pair Cable Impulse Noise Detection and Characterization NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating
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20、ed-Pair Cable Impulse Noise Detection and Characterization Table of Contents 1 Scope 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations, units of measure 1 3.1 General . 1 3.2 Definitions . 1 3.3 Acronyms and abbreviations 1 3.4 Units of measure 1 4 Mechanically-generated balanced twisted-
21、pair cable impulse noise 2 4.1 General . 2 4.2 Triboelectric phenomenon 2 4.3 Cable impulse noise characteristics . 2 5 Cable impulse noise measurement procedure 2 5.1 General . 2 5.2 Measurement Principles . 2 5.3 Measurement materials, setup and procedure . 3 5.3.1 Measurement materials . 3 5.3.2
22、Measurement setup . 3 5.3.3 Measurement procedure . 4 6 Cables impulse noise characterization . 5 6.1 General . 5 6.2 Measurement Setup: 4-channel with Baluns 5 6.3 Investigation of mandrel diameter and bend rate . 5 6.4 Measurement results and observations from the impulse noise investigations 8 7
23、Guidelines for optimizing channel performance with regard to Cable impulse noise 8 7.1 General . 8 7.2 Guideline steps . 9 Annex A (informative) Bibliography 10 TSB-5008 ii List of Figures Figure 1 - Measurement setup schematic (4-port example shown) 4 Figure 2 - Mandrel diameters studied, from left
24、: 33 mm (1.3 in), 75 mm (3 in), 100 mm (4 in), 125 mm (5 in), and 150 mm (6 in) . 6 Figure 3 - Results, sensitivity analysis 7 Figure 4 - Representative triggered event, example 1 8 TSB-5008 iii Foreword (This foreword is not part of the TSB) This Telecommunications Systems Bulletin (TSB) was develo
25、ped by TIA Subcommittee TR-42.7. Introduction Mechanically generated balanced twisted-pair cable impulse noise may induce transmission errors to the signals carried over some balanced twisted-pair cabling systems. The impulse noise described in this TSB has not been observed to impact either cabling
26、 or equipment in oth-er ways, and it is not expected to, due to the low energy in the impulses themselves. This im-pulse noise is not observed on all balanced twisted-pair cables. In testing of sensitive systems, it has neither been demonstrated to be catastrophic nor even service affecting, but may
27、 be noticeable when testing for extremely low bit error ratio perfor-mance. Systems operating at 1 Gigabit per second or less have been shown to be robust to these errors. Systems operating at 10 Gigabits/second have shown single errors traced to this phenomenon when tested for bit error ratios sign
28、ificantly better than specification, e.g., better than 10-14. The observed errors occurred only when some cables were moved or flexed. Errors are not ob-served when cabling is undisturbed, and errors have not been reported during normal opera-tions, or at specified bit error ratios. Approval of this
29、 TSB This TSB was approved by TIA Subcommittee TR-42.7 and TIA Engineering Committee TR-42. Contributing organizations More than 30 organizations (including manufacturers, consultants, end users, and other organi-zations) within the telecommunications industry contributed their expertise to the deve
30、lopment of this TSB. Annexes There is one annex to this TSB. Metric equivalents of United States customary units The dimensions in this TSB are metric or United States customary with approximate conver-sions to the other. Life of this TSB This TSB is a living document. The criteria contained in this
31、 TSB are subject to revisions and updating as warranted by advances in building construction techniques and telecommunications technology. TSB-5008 1 1 Scope This TSB describes the impulse events associated with flexing some balanced twisted-pair ca-bles, includes example test results showing the pu
32、lse amplitudes, bandwidth, variability and time decay of the observed behavior, and describes testing methodologies to characterize the impulse noise of a cabling system. These are provided together with guidance to end users to avoid potential transient bit errors observed in a laboratory environme
33、nt due to this effect. 2 References The following standards contain provisions that are referenced in this TSB. At the time of publi-cation, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent
34、 editions of the standards indicated. ANSI and TIA maintain registers of currently valid national standards published by them. ANSI/TIA-568-C.0 2009, Generic Telecommunications Cabling for Customer Premises ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 2009, Balanced Twisted-Pair Telecommunications Cabling and Com-ponents Stand
35、ards 3 Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations, units of measure 3.1 General The generic definitions in this clause have been formulated for use by the entire family of tele-communications infrastructure standards. 3.2 Definitions For the purposes of this TSB, the following definitions apply. mechan
36、ically-generated balanced twisted-pair cable impulse noise (cable impulse noise): Impulse noise from cable bending, which can be produced by cable installation and experimen-tally. 3.3 Acronyms and abbreviations ANSI American National Standards Institute BER bit error rate DSO digital storage oscill
37、oscope DUT device under test TIA Telecommunications Industry Association TSB Telecommunications Systems Bulletin 3.4 Units of measure ft feet, foot in inch m meter MHz megahertz TSB-5008 2 mm millimeter mV millivolt ns nanosecond 4 Mechanically-generated balanced twisted-pair cable impulse noise 4.1
38、 General Mechanically-generated balanced twisted-pair cable impulse noise will be referred to as “cable impulse noise” for the remainder of this TSB. Cable impulse noise from cable bending, if present, can be produced experimentally, detected and characterized in the laboratory. 4.2 Triboelectric ph
39、enomenon Electrostatic charges may be accumulated when dielectric materials come into contact and are then separated. This charging effect caused by contact is made even greater by friction such as rubbing the two materials together. The phenomenon is called “triboelectric effect,” or “triboelectric
40、 charging”. As a result of triboelectric charging and subsequent discharge, cable and cords may exhibit internally-generated cable impulse noise when flexed and for a relaxation period afterwards. 4.3 Cable impulse noise characteristics Different cable types and designs can exhibit varying levels of
41、 cable impulse noise when tested under the same conditions. The following effects have been observed on some data communi-cations cables when tested for cable impulse noise under varying conditions: Bending may cause impulse noise effects. Vibration does not cause impulse noise effects. This impulse
42、 noise is not observed on all balanced twisted-pair cables. Multiple impulse noise events can continue for a period of time after cable flexure as the cable relaxes from induced stress. The cable manufacturers should be consulted to establish the impulse noise characteristics of specific cables. 5 C
43、able impulse noise measurement procedure 5.1 General Cable impulses may be generated by bending cables. A measurement procedure is described including bending rates, and radii for various cables. 5.2 Measurement Principles The measurements obtained will vary based on details of the test equipment an
44、d the test setup. The following observations are meant to guide the user in understanding the impacts of the measurement equipment and setup. TSB-5008 3 Measurement bandwidth: Filtering due to insufficient oscilloscope bandwidth will tend to reduce the peak amplitude of the impulse noise observed. T
45、he minimum oscilloscope bandwidth recommended is 60 MHz. The recommended oscilloscope bandwidth used should extend to at least the specified bandwidth of the cabling (e.g., 100 MHz for Cate-gory 5e, 250 MHz for Category 6, and 500 MHz for Category 6A). Length of DUT cabling: Since the procedure in C
46、lause 5.3 (see Figure 1) induces bend-ing a fixed distance from the far-end of the DUT cabling, measurements on shorter ca-bles will generally result in observing greater amplitude impulse noise events. This is due to a reduced length of cable between the bending and the measurement point re-sulting
47、 in reduced attenuation and dissipation of the observed event signal. Connection of DUT to the oscilloscope: All four pairs in the DUT cable should be con-nected. 5.3 Measurement materials, setup and procedure 5.3.1 Measurement materials The following materials and equipment are recommended for use
48、with the measurement proce-dure: Bending Mandrel: A spool with a selected diameter hub greater than minimum bend diameter of the cable is used as a bending mandrel. Care should be taken to avoid triboelectric effects from the mandrel material itself. Oscilloscope: A four-channel digital storage osci
49、lloscope is recommended. Trigger level: Level of triggered event should be comparable with the communications applica-tion being considered, and should consider the impedance and attenuation of the measurement setup. Cabling (DUT): a sample of at least 1 meter of the cable to be tested is recommended. Fixture: A light pressure clamp is recommended for holding the cable stationary. Baluns and splitters: Use of baluns or splitters is optional. Baluns used should have bandwidth in excess of the specified bandwidth of the cabling and application under consideration. Balun
