1、 TIA STANDARD Project 25 Vocoder Description TIA-102.BABA DECEMBER 2003 TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION Representing the telecommunications industry in association with the Electronic Industries Alliance ANSI/TIA-102.BABA 2003 Approved: December 23, 2003 Copyright Electronic Industries Allia
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7、and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. (From Standards Proposal No. 3-3633-UGRV1, formulated under the cognizance of the TIA TR-8 Committee on Mobile and Personal Private Radio Standards.) Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
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21、tted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TIA/EIA 102.BABAForeword:(This foreword is not part of the standard)This Vocoder Standard (102BABA), tit
22、led Project 25 Vocoder Description, has been devel-oped with inputs from the TIA-APCO Project 25 Interface Committee (APIC), the APICVocoder Task Group, and TIA Industry Members. This Standard will be maintained byWorking Group 8.4 of TR-8, under the sponsorship of TIA.This Recommended Standard desc
23、ribes the vocoder for land mobile radios meeting theProject 25 requirements. Publication of this Standard comes nearly three years after is-suance of an Interim Standard. This document has undergone rigorous public review, andimplementations of this Vocoder have been created from this description. T
24、his documentprovides only the appropriate requirements to ensure vocoder compatibility for Project 25systems.For information on speci c implementations, as they are developed, the reader is referred tothe Project 25 System and Standard De nition Document originally published as TSB102for; Project 25
25、 Overview, a Glossary, and a Statement of Requirements.The readers attention is called to the possibilitythatcompliance with this Standard mayrequire the use of one or more inventions covered by patentrights.By publication of this Standard, no position is taken with respect to the validity of thosec
26、laims or any patent rights in connection therewith. The patent holders so far identi edhave, however, led statements of willingness to grant licenses under those rights on rea-sonable and nondiscriminatory terms and conditions to applicants desiring to obtain suchlicenses. Details may be obtained fr
27、om the publisher.Jim HolthausChairman WG-8.4iCopyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TIA/EIA 102.BABA(This page intentionally left blank)iiCopyright Electronic Industries Allianc
28、e Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TIA/EIA 102.BABAProject 25Vocoder DescriptionVersion 1.41November 1995Digital Voice Systems Inc. (DVSI) claims certain rights, including patent rights, in theImproved Multi-Band
29、 Excitation (IMBE) voice coding algorithmdescribedinthisdocumentand elsewhere. Any use of this technology requires a separate written license from DVSI.DVSI is willing to grant aroyalty-bearing license to use the IMBE voice coding algorithmfor Project 25 under a set of standard terms and conditions.
30、 Details may be obtained bycontacting DVSI as indicated below.Digital Voice Systems, Inc.One Van de Graa DriveBurlington, MA 01803 USAPhone: (617) 270-1030Fax: (617) 270-0166DVSI acknowledges the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where the Multi-Band Exci-tation speech model was developed. In ad
31、dition DVSI acknowledges the Rome Air Devel-opment Center of the United States Air Force, which supported the early development ofthe Multi-Band Excitation speech model.c Copyright, Digital Voice Systems, Inc., 1995DVSI grants a free, irrevocable license to the Telecommunications Industry Associatio
32、n(TIA) to incorporate text contained in this contribution and any modi cations thereof inthe creation of a TIA standards publication; to copyright in TIAs name any TIA standardspublication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at TIAs solediscretion to permit others to reprod
33、uce in whole or in part the resulting TIA standardspublication.Note: The users attention is called to the possibility that compliance with this standardmay require use of one or more inventions covered by patent rights.By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the validit
34、y of thoseclaims or of any patentrights in connection therewith. The patent holders so far identi edhave, however, led statements of willingness to grant licenses under those rights on rea-sonable and nondiscriminatory terms and conditions to applicants desiring to obtain suchlicenses. Details may b
35、e obtained from the publisher.IMBE is a trademark of Digital Voice Systems, Inc.iiiCopyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TIA/EIA 102.BABA(This page intentionally left blank)ivC
36、opyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TIA/EIA 102.BABAContents1 Scope 12 Introduction 13 Multi-Band Excitation Speech Model 34 Speech Input/Output Requirements 65 Speech Analysi
37、s 85.1 Pitch Estimation : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 105.1.1 Determination of E(P) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 125.1.2 PitchTracking : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 125.1.3 Look-Back PitchTracking : : : : : : : :
38、: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 135.1.4 Look-Ahead PitchTracking : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 145.1.5 Pitch Re nement : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 165.2 Voiced/Unvoiced Determination : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 185.3 Estimation of t
39、he Spectral Amplitudes : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 216 Parameter Encoding and Decoding 236.1 Fundamental Frequency Encoding and Decoding : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 236.2 Voiced/Unvoiced Decision Encoding and Decoding : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 256.3 Spectral Amplitudes Encoding : :
40、 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 266.3.1 Encoding the Gain Vector : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 296.3.2 Encoding the Higher Order DCT Coecients : : : : : : : : : : : : : 306.4 Spectral Amplitudes Decoding : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 326.4.1 Decod
41、ing the Gain Vector : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 336.4.2 Decoding the Higher Order DCT Coecients : : : : : : : : : : : : : 346.5 Synchronization Encoding and Decoding : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 367 Bit Manipulations 377.1 Bit Prioritization : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
42、 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 38vCopyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TIA/EIA 102.BABA7.2 Encryption : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
43、 : : : 407.3 Error Control Coding : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 417.4 Bit Modulation : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 437.5 Bit Interleaving : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 457.6 Error Estimation : :
44、 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 457.7 Frame Repeats : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 467.8 Frame Muting : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 478 Spectral Amplitude Enhancement 479 Adaptive Smoothing 48
45、10 Parameter Encoding Example 5111 Speech Synthesis 5711.1 SpeechSynthesis Notation : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 5711.2 Unvoiced SpeechSynthesis: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 5811.3 Voiced Speech Synthesis : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
46、: : : : : : : : 6012 Additional Notes 63A Variable Initialization 64B Initial Pitch Estimation Window 65C Pitch Re nement Window 67D FIR Low Pass Filter 69E Gain Quantizer Levels 70F Bit Allocation and Step Size for Transformed Gain Vector 71G Bit Allocation for Higher Order DCT Coecients 75H Bit Fr
47、ame Format 94viCopyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TIA/EIA 102.BABAI Speech Synthesis Window 95J Log Magnitude Prediction Residual Block Lengths 97K Flow Charts 98viiCopyrigh
48、t Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TIA/EIA 102.BABAList of Figures1 Improved Multi-Band Excitation SpeechCoder : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 22 Comparison of Traditional and MBE S
49、peechModels : : : : : : : : : : : : : 53 Analog FrontEnd : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 64 Analog Input/Output Filter Mask : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 75 IMBE Speech Analysis Algorithm : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 86 High Pass Filter Frequency Response at 8 kHz Sampling Rate :
