1、 TIA-329.3 March 2011Minimum Standards for Communications Antennas Part 3: Portable Antennas NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating interchangeability and imp
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22、ble of Contents 1.0 Scope 1 2.0 Normative References 3 3.0 Definitions and Abbreviations 4 3.1 Definitions 5 3.2 Abbreviations . 5 4.0 Types of Portable Antennas 6 4.1 Hand-held portable transceivers 7 4.2 Packset portable transceivers 8 4.3 Paging receivers 10 4.4 Hand-held mobile (cellular/PCS/wir
23、eless) telephones . 10 4.5 Devices intended to be plugged-in to a laptop computer . 11 4.6 Other Wireless Portable information devices . 12 4.7 Electrically-Small Antennas . 12 5.0 Measurement Techniques General . 15 5.1 Antenna Gain Measurements 15 5.2 Measurements on Integral Antennas . 18 5.2.1 R
24、eceiving Devices 18 5.2.3 Transmitting Antennas 19 6.0 Measurement Techniques Specific . 22 6.1 Common Issues . 23 6.1.1 Statistical Issues . 23 6.1.2 Measurements in Motor Vehicles . 24 6.1.3 The effects of Reflections . 25 6.2 Hand-Held Portable Transceivers 26 6.3 Packset Portable Transceivers 29
25、 6.4 Paging Receivers 29 6.5 Hand-Held Mobile Telephones 29 6.6 Devices Intended to be Plugged into Laptop Computers . 29 6.7 Other Wireless Portable Information Devices 30 7.0 Presentation of Results . 31 Bibliography 33 Annex A Electrically-Small Antennas Impedance, Bandwidth, and Realizable Gain
26、35 A.1 Power Factor, Bandwidth and Q 35 A.2 Realizable Gain . 37 TIA-329.3 iv Blank Page TIA-329.3 v FOREWORD This Standard was prepared by TIA Working Group 8.11.3 and was approved by TIA Engineering Subcommittee TR-8.11. This Standard is new and does not supersede any other TIA Standard. This Stan
27、dard is Part 3 of the TIA-329.* series of standards relating to Antenna Systems. Annex A is informative. (This Foreword is not part of this Standard.) TIA-329.3 vi Blank Page TIA-329.3 vii INTRODUCTION Over the years, manufactures of antennas for portable communications devices (including the manufa
28、cturers of the devices, themselves) have, when they stated measurement results at all, failed to state the methods that were used to obtain those measurements. There is reason to believe that one of the reasons for that failure is that it would require a complex explanation. Having a well-defined pu
29、blished method for making such measurements, based on industry consensus, will give the manufacturers a simple shorthand way of stating their methods and will give the customer community confidence that such measurements were done in a relatively consistent manner.TIA-329.3 viii Blank Page TIA-329.3
30、 1 Minimum Standards for Communications Antennas, Portable Antennas 1.0 Scope The TIA-329.* series standards deal with antenna systems. TIA-329.1-* deals with requirements for and measurements of Base Station antennas. TIA-329.2-* deals with measurements of mobile antennas. This standard, TIA-329.3,
31、 deals with measurements of portable antennas. The term “portable antennas” in this context is taken to mean any antenna mounted on or built-in to a portable communication device. It also includes any human-worn antenna intended to be used exclusively with a portable communication device. The term “
32、portable communications device” includes, but is not limited to, the following classes of devices: Hand-held portable transceivers (i.e. “walkie-talkies”) Packset portable transceivers Paging receivers Hand-held mobile (cellular) telephones Portable information devices Devices intended to be plugged
33、-in to a laptop computer via an Accessory Port or a USB port It is the intent of this document to present a method of measuring in situ portable antenna performance for application to network design. There are a number of factors that affect antenna operation on a portable device that are part of th
34、e ambient environment within a few wavelengths of the portable antenna. These factors from the ambient environment are detached from the portable transceiver and the portable antenna themselves. The factors include the dielectric and absorption properties of the bodies of the personnel holding the p
35、ortable device with their apparel, together with aspects of the posture, azimuth, and orientation of the antenna, and any furnishings, vehicles, or environmental edifices within a few wavelengths of the antenna. Other details of the ambient environment can also introduce factors, such as a factor fo
36、r precipitation or moisture. A measurement of portable antenna operation requires the selection of some sample of the portable devices, and any associated factors, combined with the technical means to make the measurement for all the selected samples. This selection of factors constitutes the test c
37、ondition(s) of an experiment. If the selection of the factors in the test condition is successful, then the measurement results will be distributed to permit statistically valid conclusions about portable TIA-329.3 2 device(s) operation in a network design. The method of measurement includes an expe
38、rimental design for the purposes of measuring portable antenna operation for receiving or transmitting messages with the selection of some set of test conditions that is within the technical means of effort to apply the measurement. The measurements results will then be a set of data points that are
39、 statistically analyzed to draw valid conclusions, if there are any. Since the factors from the ambient environment are likely to change for different applications or purposes, the repeatability of the measurement results may not be always possible, unless the experiment is designed to tightly const
40、rain the factors that affect portable antenna operation. Any extension of experimental test results to other portable devices, or other antennas, or to different ambient factors is not anticipated by this standard This document does not recommend performance limits for the antennas dealt with herein
41、. This document applies to portable antennas within the frequency range 25 MHz to 6.0 GHz. TIA-329.3 3 2.0 Normative References Land Mobile FM or PM - Communications Equipment - Measurement and Performance Standards, TIA-603-C, Telecommunications Industry Association, Arlington VA, 2004. TIA-329.3 4
42、 Blank Page TIA-329.3 5 3.0 Definitions and Abbreviations 3.1 Definitions Radiansphere: The boundary between the near field and the far field of a small antenna. Its radius is one radianlength (/2), at which distance the three terms of the field are equal in magnitude. 3.2 Abbreviations EIRP Effecti
43、ve Isotropic Radiated Power ERPd Effective Radiated Power referenced to a dipole ESA Electrically-small antenna PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PDA Portable Digital Assistant PTT Push-to-talk RSM Remote Speaker / Microphone SMA Speaker / Microphone / Antenna (not to be
44、 confused with the RF connector with the same designation) USB Universal Service Bus TIA-329.3 6 Blank Page TIA-329.3 7 4.0 Types of Portable Antennas 4.1 Hand-held portable transceivers A hand-held portable transceiver is typically used by organizations engaged in “dispatch”-type operations as well
45、 as “fireground” and “tactical” operations. Other applications exist as well. Their form factor generally reflects the fact that simplex or half-duplex are the most common modes of operation and it is uncommon for them to be used in a “telephone-type” full-duplex mode of operation. Such transceivers
46、 are generally a “rounded” parallelepiped in shape, with the microphone and speaker both installed near the top of the face that is regarded as the “front”. When transmitting, such devices are generally held in front of the users face with the microphone in front of the users mouth. Receiving can ta
47、ke place in whatever position the unit happens to be with respect to the body. Some typical positions are listed below: On the users belt In the radio pocket of a firefighters turnout coat (chest level) In the pocket of a flak jacket (waist level) Shoulder (as part of SMA accessory) Head (receiving
48、between transmissions) In addition, accessories exist such that the user can operate the transceiver without holding it. These can alter the antenna position from where it might otherwise be when held in front of the mouth. Some such accessories are listed below: Remote speaker microphone (RSM) Plac
49、es the speaker/microphone on the users shoulder, leaving the antenna on the users belt for both transmitting and receiving. The cable running from the transceiver to the RSM may alter the pattern of the antenna. Speaker/microphone/antenna (SMA) Places the antenna itself on the users shoulder, meaning that both transmitting and receiving takes place from there. Helmet-mounted speaker satisfies Wheelers condition for ESA with ka 0.5 TIA-329.3 15 5.0 Measurement Techniques General 5.1 Antenna Gain Measurements An initial componen
