1、UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULDecember 12, 20161UL 3030Outline of Investigation for Unmanned Aerial VehiclesIssue Number: 1December 12, 2016Summary of TopicsThis first issue of the Outline of Investigation for Unmanned Aerial
2、Vehicles, UL 3030, covers the electrical system of unmanned aerialvehicles (UAVs) used in flight for commercial applications or flightincidental to business applications in accordance with U.S. FederalRegulation 14 CFR 107.ULs Outlines of Investigation are copyrighted by UL LLC. Neither a printed no
3、relectronic copy of an Outline of Investigation should be altered in any way. All ofULs Outlines of Investigation and all copyrights, ownerships, and rights regardingthose Outlines of Investigation shall remain the sole and exclusive property of ULLLC.COPYRIGHT 2016 UL LLCUL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT
4、 AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULDECEMBER 12, 2016UL 30302No Text on This PageUL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULCONTENTSINTRODUCTION1 Scope .52 Components 63 Units of Measurement .64 U
5、ndated References 65 Glossary .6CONSTRUCTION6 General 97 Nonmetallic Materials 98 Metallic Materials 109 Enclosures 1110 Assembly 1111 Internal Wiring and Terminals 1112 Chargers 1313 Insulation Levels and Protective Grounding 1314 Protection Circuits and Safety Analysis 1415 Printed Wiring Boards .
6、1616 Battery Cells and Battery Packs 1616.1 General .1616.2 Battery cells .1616.3 Battery packs 1717 Motors .1718 Spacings and Separation of Circuits 1719 Fuses .1820 Accessories 18PROTECTION AGAINST INJURY21 Sharp Edges .1822 Strength of Enclosures 19PERFORMANCE23 General 1924 Tolerances .2125 Post
7、-Test Cycle 2126 Input Verification 2227 Temperature Test (Charging and Flying) .2228 Dielectric Voltage Withstand Test .2429 Isolation Resistance Test 2630 Capacitor Discharge Test 2631 Normal Charging Operation Test .2732 Lithium Charging System 2733 Abnormal Operation .2933.1 General .2933.2 Comp
8、onent faults 3033.3 Relay and solenoid burnout 30DECEMBER 12, 2016 UL 3030 3UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL33.4 Disconnected fans/blocked vents .3033.5 Internal battery reverse polarity 3033.6 Overcharge 3133.7 Short circuit 3
9、233.8 Overdischarge test .3233.9 Imbalanced charging .3333.10 Shock test 3333.11 Thermal cycling .3434 Vibration Test 3534.1 Batteries/battery packs 3534.2 Complete UAV .3535 Strength of Enclosures Tests .3635.1 Impact 3635.2 Drop 3735.3 Crush .3736 Mold Stress .3837 Water Exposure Tests 3837.1 IPX4
10、 code rating .3837.2 Temporary immersion .3938 Accelerated Aging of Gaskets 3939 Permanence of Marking .4140 Motor Overload .42MARKINGS41 Identification Markings .4342 Cautionary Markings 43INSTRUCTIONS43 General 4444 Instructions Pertaining to Risk of Fire, Electric Shock, or Injury to Persons .454
11、5 Installation Instructions 4746 Operating Instructions .4747 User Maintenance Instructions .4748 Moving and Storage Instructions 48DECEMBER 12, 2016UL 30304UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULINTRODUCTION1 Scope1.1 These requireme
12、nts cover the electrical system of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), as defined inthis Outline, used in flight for commercial applications or flight incidental to business applications inaccordance with U.S. Federal Regulation 14 CFR 107. UAVs covered by these requirements are intendedto be operated
13、by trained pilots as identified in the Federal Regulations, where the UAV is less than 55lbs (25 kg). The UAV is intended to be provided with an internal lithium ion battery that is charged froman external source. UAVs are intended to have an operating voltage of not greater than 100 V dc, and arein
14、tended for outdoor operation. These requirements also cover the electrical shock, fire and explosionhazards associated with the inherent features of these UAVs, as well as the battery and charger systemcombinations provided for recharging the UAV.1.2 With reference to 1.1, flight for commercial appl
15、ications is considered any operation where the UAVis intended for a specific use; which may include, but is not limited to, agricultural applications, scientificor research applications, government or local police applications, search and rescue applications, videoapplications for the film industry
16、or news broadcasts, and the like. Flight incidental to business is a subsetof commercial applications that may consist of roof inspections by insurance agents or constructionworkers, real estate photography, and the like.1.3 This Outline does not cover:a) Model aircraft, or hobby use, UAVs which are
17、 marketed to and intended to be operated bythe general publicb) The aspects of control associated with the human pilot (pilot error), UAV handling, contact orimpact of the UAV with external objects, people or structures, or adverse weather conditionssuch as high winds that may affect operation;c) Th
18、e ability of the UAV to correctly or adequately perform its intended operation;d) The ability of the UAV to land safely if the battery is discharged in flight;e) Any physiological effects associated with the use of UAVs;f) Devices for use in hazardous (classified) locations, which are subject to add
19、itionalrequirements to mitigate risks of fire and explosion; org) UAVs used for any military or similar tactical operation.h) The efficacy of UAV communications or the effects of the loss of UAV communication duringflight.1.4 The requirements of this Outline do not consider Federal Regulations assoc
20、iated with the operationof commercial UAVs. The operation of commercial UAVs is intended to be in accordance with all FederalRegulations when the UAV is used in the field.DECEMBER 12, 2016 UL 3030 5UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM
21、 UL2 Components2.1 A component of a product covered by this Outline shall comply with the requirements for thatcomponent.2.2 A component is not required to comply with a specific requirement that:a) Involves a feature or characteristic not required in the application of the component in theproduct c
22、overed by this Outline, orb) Is superseded by a requirement in this Outline.2.3 A component shall be used in accordance with its rating established for the intended conditions ofuse.2.4 Specific components are incomplete in construction features or restricted in performance capabilities.Such compone
23、nts are intended for use only under limited conditions, such as certain temperatures notexceeding specified limits, and shall be used only under those specific conditions.3 Units of Measurement3.1 Values stated without parentheses are the requirement. Values in parentheses are explanatory orapproxim
24、ate information.4 Undated References4.1 Any undated reference to a code or standard appearing in the requirements of this Outline shall beinterpreted as referring to the latest edition of that code or standard.5 Glossary5.1 For the purpose of this Outline the following definitions apply.5.2 BATTERY
25、A generic term for one or more cells electrically connected in series and/or parallel withor without monitoring and protection circuitry for charging and discharging.5.3 BATTERY PACK Batteries that are ready for use in a UAV, contained in a protective enclosure, withprotective devices, with a batter
26、y management system, and monitoring circuitry and that may beremovable by the user for charging separately from the UAV.5.4 BATTERY SYSTEM Battery system includes the battery, charger and monitoring and protectioncircuit for charging and discharging of the battery.5.5 CAPACITY, RATED The total numbe
27、r of ampere-hours that can be withdrawn from a fully chargedbattery at a specific discharge rate to a specific end-of-discharge voltage (EODV) at a specifiedtemperature as declared by the manufacturer.DECEMBER 12, 2016UL 30306UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBU
28、TION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL5.6 CASING The container that directly encloses and confines the electrolyte, and electrodes of a cell.5.7 CELL The basic functional electrochemical unit (sometimes referred to as a battery) containing anelectrode assembly, electrolyte, separators, container, and termi
29、nals. It is a source of electrical energy bydirect conversion of chemical energy.5.8 CHARGING The application of electric current to battery terminals, which results in a Faradicreaction that takes place within the battery that leads to stored electro-chemical energy.5.9 CHARGING, CONSTANT CURRENT (
30、CC) Charging mode where current is held constant whilecharging voltage is allowed to vary.5.10 ELECTRIC SHOCK HAZARD A potential for exposure of persons to hazardous voltage circuitsthrough direct contact from openings in protective enclosures and/or insufficient insulation betweenhazardous voltage
31、circuits and accessible parts.5.11 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM The system of components, circuits, and related elements of the UAV.The system is comprised of the battery system, motors and motor controllers, protection/safety circuitsaddressing electrical, fire and explosion hazards, and associated on board e
32、lectronics.5.12 ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE A condition where liquid electrolyte escapes through an opening in adesigned vent as well as through a rupture or crack or other unintended opening in the casing orenclosure of a cell or capacitor and is visible external to the UAV.5.13 ENCLOSURE The outer cover o
33、f device that provides protection to its contents.5.14 END-OF-DISCHARGE VOLTAGE (EODV) The voltage, under load, of the cell or battery at the endof discharge. The EODV may be specified, as in the case of a voltage terminated discharge, or simplymeasured in the case of a time-controlled discharge.5.1
34、5 EXPLOSION A violent release of energy that produces projectiles or an energy wave from theUAV and results in the UAVs contents being forcibly expelled through a rupture in the enclosure orcasing.5.16 FIRE The sustained combustion of the UAVs contents as evidenced by flame, heat and charringor othe
35、r damage of materials.5.17 FULLY CHARGED A battery which has been charged per the manufacturers specifications to itsfull state of charge (SOC).5.18 FULLY DISCHARGED A battery, which has been discharged, according to the manufacturersspecifications, to its specified end of discharge voltage (EODV).5
36、.19 HAZARDOUS VOLTAGE Voltage exceeding 30 V rms/42.4 V ac peak or 60 V dc.5.20 INSULATION LEVELS The following are levels of electrical insulation:a) BASIC A single level of insulation that provides protection against electric shock. Basicinsulation alone may not provide protection from electric sh
37、ock in the event of a failure of theinsulation.b) DOUBLE INSULATION Insulation comprising both basic insulation and supplementaryinsulation.DECEMBER 12, 2016 UL 3030 7UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULc) FUNCTIONAL INSULATION Ins
38、ulation that is necessary only for the correct functioning ofthe equipment. Functional insulation by definition does not protect against electric shock. It may,however, reduce the likelihood of ignition and fire.d) REINFORCED INSULATION Single insulation system that provides a degree of protectionag
39、ainst electric shock equivalent to double insulation under the conditions specified in thisOutline. The term insulation system does not imply that the insulation has to be in onehomogeneous piece. It may comprise several layers that cannot be tested as basic insulationand supplementary insulation.e)
40、 SUPPLEMENTARY INSULATION Independent insulation applied in addition to basicinsulation in order to reduce the risk of electric shock in the event of a failure of the basicinsulation.5.21 LOW VOLTAGE, LIMITED ENERGY CIRCUIT A circuit involving a potential of not more than 30volts rms (42.4 volts pea
41、k) or a direct voltage of not more than 60 volts and supplied by a battery, a Class2 source, or a combination of an isolating transformer and a fixed impedance that, as a unit, limits theavailable energy to 240 VA maximum.5.22 NORMAL OPERATING REGION That region of voltage, current and temperature w
42、ithin which acell can be safely charged and discharged repetitively throughout its anticipated life. The manufacturerspecifies these values, which are then used in the safety evaluation of the device and may vary as thedevice ages. The normal operating regions will include thea) CHARGING TEMPERATURE
43、 LIMITS The upper and lower limits of temperature, specifiedby the manufacturer for charging of the cell. This temperature is measured on the casing.b) DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE LIMITS The upper and lower limits of temperature,specified by the manufacturer for discharging the cell. This temperature is m
44、easured on thecasing.c) END OF DISCHARGE VOLTAGE Refer to 5.14.d) MAXIMUM DISCHARGING CURRENT The maximum discharging current rate, which isspecified by the cell manufacturer.e) MAXIMUM CHARGING CURRENT The maximum charging current in the normal operatingregion, which is specified by the cell manufa
45、cturer. This value may vary with temperature.f) UPPER LIMIT CHARGING VOLTAGE The highest charging voltage limit in the normaloperating region specified by the cell manufacturer. This value may vary with temperature.5.23 RUPTURE A mechanical failure of the UAVs enclosure/casing from either internal o
46、r externalcauses, that results in spillage and/or exposure of internal contents of the UAV, but does not result inprojectiles and violent energy release such as occurs during an explosion.DECEMBER 12, 2016UL 30308UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT
47、PERMISSION FROM UL5.24 SAFETY CRITICAL CIRCUITS/COMPONENTS Those circuits or discrete components that arerelied upon for safety as identified in the safety analysis of Protection Circuits and Safety Analysis, Section14.5.25 STATE OF CHARGE (SOC) The available capacity in a pack, module or cell expre
48、ssed as apercentage of rated capacity.CONSTRUCTION6 General6.1 If the operation and maintenance of the UAV electrical system by the user involves a risk of injury topersons, a risk of electric shock, or a risk of fire, means shall be provided to reduce the risk. Whenevaluating a UAVs electrical syst
49、em, consideration shall be given to reasonably foreseeable misuse of theproduct.6.2 All UAV electrical systems shall be capable of normal operation without a risk of fire, shock or injuryin accordance with this Outline over the full range of ambient air temperature from minus 30C (minus22F) to 50C (122F) unless a different range is specified by the manufacturer in which case that rangeis to be used.7 Nonmetallic Materials7.1 The materials employed for enclosures shall comply with the applicable enclos
