2019高考化学一轮复习专题实验方案的评价(含解析).doc

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1、1实验方案的评价李仕才思 维流程1从可行性方面对实验方案进行评价(1)实验原理是否正确、可行。(2)实验操作是否安全、合理。(3)实验步骤是否简单、方便。(4)实验效果是否明显、准确。2从“绿色化学”角度对实验方案进行评价(1)反应原料是否易得、安全、无毒。(2)化学反应速率是否较快。(3)原料利用率以及制取物质的产率是否较高。(4)制取过程中是否造成环境污染。3从“安全性”方面对实验方案进行评价(1)进行某些易燃易爆实验时,要防爆炸(如 H2还原 CuO 应先通 H2,气体点燃前先验纯等)。(2)冷凝回流(有些反应中,为减少易挥发液体反应物的损耗和充分利用原料,需在反应装置上加装冷凝回流装置

2、如长玻璃管、冷凝管等)。(3)其他问题,如实验操作顺序、试剂加入顺序、实验方法使用顺序等。解 题目探究1某化学课外小组研究乙醇氧化的实验并验证其产物,设计了甲、乙、丙三套装置(图中的支撑仪器均未画出, “”表示酒精灯热源),每套装置又划分为三部分。仪器中盛放的试剂:a.无水乙醇(沸点:78 );b.铜丝;c.无水硫酸铜;d.新制氢氧化铜悬浊液。(1)简述三套方案各自的优点。2甲:_;乙:_;丙:_。(2)集中三套方案的优点,组成一套比较合理完善的实验装置,可按气流由左到右的顺序表示为_(例如:甲,乙,丙)。答案 (1)甲:中用热水浴加热,可形成较平稳的乙醇气流,使反应更充分;中的斜长导管起到

3、冷凝回流乙醇的作用乙:与中的干燥管可防止溶液中的水与无水硫酸铜反应,避免干扰对生成物的检验丙:中氧气发生装置中无水生成,且装置简单(2)丙,甲,乙解析 (1)甲的优点在于,水浴加热能较好地控制温度,使气流平稳、 反应充分。乙的优点在于两干燥管考虑了溶液中水蒸气对产物 H2O 检验的干扰。丙的优点在于,无水生成,且装置简单。(2)将三套方案的优点组合:取丙、甲、乙可组成一套完善的装置。2某同学设计两种方案来检验 Na2SO3溶液是否发生变质。方案一:取样,加入稀盐酸有气泡生成,认为亚硫酸钠溶液没有变质。方案二:取样,加入氯化钡溶液有白色沉淀生成,认为亚硫酸钠溶液完全变质。请你对两方案作出评价:方

4、案一:_(填“合理”或“不合理”),理由是_。方案二:_(填“合理”或“不合理”),理由是_。答案 不合理 亚硫酸钠部分变质时加入稀盐酸也会产生气泡 不合理 亚硫酸钠也能与氯化钡反应生成白色沉淀,亚硫酸钠未变质或部分变质时也会产生白色沉淀33乙同学探究 Na2SO3溶液是否发生变质,设计如下实验测定 1.0 molL1 Na2SO3溶液的实际浓度。(1)分液漏斗中应加入足量的下列哪种试剂?_(填字母)。a浓硝酸 b65%硫酸 c浓盐酸(2)实验前后测得 C 装置增重 3.2 g,则 Na2SO3溶液实际的物质的量浓度为_。(3)该实验装置还存在一个明显的缺陷是_;如何改进?_。答案 (1)b (2)0.83 molL1 (3)缺少一个驱赶残留二氧化硫气体的装置(或其他合理答案) 在 A 装置中加引一个带活塞的导气管解析 制备二氧化硫气体选用硫酸。C 装置增重 3.2 g,产生的 n(SO2)0.05 mol,所以n(Na2SO3)0.05 mol, c(Na2SO3)0.05 mol0.06 L0.83 molL1 。该实验装置中一个明显的缺陷是缺少一个驱赶残留二氧化硫气体的装置。

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