1、1第二讲 知晓句式结构精通语法的关键一环李仕才一、简单句的五种基本句式句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，其实英语中最基本的句式只有五种，其他句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来的。五种基本句式如下：1.主语谓语(不及物动词)2.主语谓语(及物动词)宾语3.主语系动词表语4.主语谓语(及物动词)间接宾语直接宾语5.主语谓语(及物动词)宾语宾语补足语该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语动词能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫作不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。And I can play outside too！(2016四川卷书面表达)我也可以在外面玩。Bathed in
2、 the sunshine, we jumped and cheered with joy.(江西卷书面表达)沐浴在阳光中，我们高兴的欢呼雀跃。对点练习 1 补全句子1.我们计划早上七点在学校门口乘车出发。As planned, we will_be_leaving/will_leave by bus at 7 am at the school gate.(2017浙江卷书面表达)2.在这种环境下，师生们生活快乐，工作努力。In the environment, teachers and students are_living_happily_and_working_hard.(2015全国卷
3、书面表达)3.龙舟训练营将于 7 月 20 号开始。The Dragon Boat Training Camp will_open_on_July_20th.(2015北京卷书面表达)4.因此，这种新鞋最近才问世。2Therefore, this new kind of shoes has_come_into_being recently.(湖南卷书面表达)该句式特点为：谓语动词均为实义动词，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等来充当)，即动作的承受者，才能表达完整的意思。I plan to find a parttime job i
4、n a foreign capital company.(2016全国卷书面表达)我计划在一家外资公司里找一份兼职。I appreciated my maths teachers praise and encouragement very much.(2015湖南卷书面表达)我非常感谢我的数学老师的称赞和鼓励。注意 该句式的谓语动词要用及物动词或及物动词短语。As an outgoing girl, I get along well with my classmates.(2015陕西卷书面表达)作为一名外向的女孩，我和同学们相处得很好。对点练习 2 补全句子1. 迄今为止，3 位男生和 4
5、名女生已经加入这支队伍。Up till now，3_boys_and_4_girls_have_joined_the_team.(2017浙江卷书面表达)2.最后，我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。Finally, we_should_take_part_in_sports_and_outdoor_activities frequently.(江西卷书面表达)3.十二岁时，我得到了一辆漂亮的自行车作为生日礼物。At the age of twelve, I got_a_nice_bike_as_a_birthday_gift.(重庆卷写作)4.它给像你我这样的青少年提供了一个享受运动和学习中国文
6、化的机会。It offers_teenagers_like_you_and_me_a_chance to enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture.(2015北京卷书面表达)3该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用系动词(主要是 be 动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。This is surely a good chance for more people to see them.(2016全国卷书面表达)对于更多的人来说，这确实是观看的一次好机会。The_“Foreign_Cu
7、ltures”_section in our newspaper is very popular among us students.(2015全国卷书面表达)我们报纸的“外国文化”栏目非常受我们学生们的欢迎。对点练习 3 补全句子1.另外，沿江风景令人叹为观止，拥有很多著名的观光景点。Moreover，the_scenery_along_the_river_is_amazing,_with many wellknown sightseeing spots.(2017北京卷书面表达)2.在我看来，一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。In my opinion, a person without fr
8、iends will_never_be_happy.(山东卷书面表达)3.现在，在中学里，课外活动正变得越来越受欢迎。Nowadays, afterclass activities are becoming more_and_more_popular in high schools.(2015江苏卷)该句式中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语；一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。At the same time, parents are giving their children too much protection.(福建卷满分作文)
9、同时，父母给孩子的保护太多了。对点练习 4 补全句子1.学生和老师们分享着这一辉煌时刻，它给我们一种巨大的成就感。The students and teachers shared a great time，which_gave_us_a_greatsense_of_achievement.(2017北京卷书面表达)42.格林先生将就如何学好英语给我们作一场报告。 Mr.Green_will_give_us_a_speech on how to learn English well.3.幸运的是，她答应给我一个重新面试的机会。Fortunately, she_promised_me_anothe
10、r_chance to interview.该句式中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。In fact, he inspires me to major in English in college.(2016北京卷书面表达)事实上，他激励我在大学主修英语。Your_contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.(辽宁卷书面表达)你们的贡献将会使得这次活动获得巨大成功。对点练习 5 补全句子1.作为一
11、名中学生，我认为英语是一门非常重要的科目。As a high school student, I_consider_English_a_very_important_subject.2.从古代起，人们就把早起视为好习惯。People have_regarded_getting_up_early_as_a_good_habit since ancient times.3.洗手之后不要任水自流。Dont leave_the_water_running after you have washed your hands.二、并列句并列句是用连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来，在这一句型中需要注意连接
12、并列主语时，有些句型采取“就近原则” 。常见并列句的类型及并列连词：类型 连词并列关系(递进关系)and, both.and., not only.but also.，neither.nor.，when转折关系 but, yet, whereas选择关系 or, otherwise, or else, either.or.，not.but.5因果关系 for, so对比关系 whileI know you take good pictures and youve always wanted to do something for environment protection.(2016全国卷书
13、面表达)我知道你摄影好，并且总是想着为环境保护做些事情。It is beneficial to some people，while it puts others into a dilemma over whether to vote or not.(2016江苏卷书面表达)这有利于一些人，然而也使其他人陷入是否投票的困境。It is not only your enthusiasm but also your teamwork and good spirits that impress us.(2016天津卷书面表达)不仅是你们的热情，而且你们的团队合作和良好的精神状态给我们留下了深刻的印象。
14、注意 并列连词构成的常用句式(1)在“祈使句and/or陈述句”结构中，当前后为顺承关系时，用 and；当前后为转折关系时，用 or，or else 或 otherwise。Learn to understand，and you will keep away from a world full of sadness and disappointment.(2015重庆卷满分作文)学会理解，你就会从满是悲伤和失望的世界中摆脱出来。Stop smoking now or your health will be ruined.现在别再抽烟了，否则你会毁了自己的健康。(2)在 sb was doing
15、 sth when., sb was about to do sth when.或 sb had just done sth when.中，when 为并列连词，相当于 and, then 意为“就在那时” 。One day, I was walking to my school when I found an old lady lying on the street, looking very painful.(2015湖南卷满分作文)一天，我正步行去上学，这时我发现一位老太太躺在街上，看上去很痛苦。I had just finished sweeping the floor when Ma
16、ry called me.我刚刚扫完地，这时玛丽来拜访我了。对点练习 6 用适当的并列连词填空1.First, my English is very good and Im open minded and warmhearted, so Im getting along well with everyone.62.About 9：00 last night, I was busy preparing for my tomorrows test when suddenly loud noises came into my room.3.You like tennis, while Id rath
17、er read.4.I worked hard at English and devoted all my spare time to practicing it, but I failed to pass the midterm examination.5.Not_only can students improve their writing ability in this way but_also they can strengthen their selfconfidence.三、复合句复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，通常独立存在，从句则只用作句子的一个成分
18、，不能独立。复合句中的从句包括定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)。In addition, you should respect all the teachers who unselfishly help you to gain much knowledge (定语从句).(江西卷满分作文)另外，你们应该尊重所有那些无私帮助你们获得很多知识的老师们。So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up(状语从句), we are bound to achieve success.(山东卷标准范文)
19、只要我们坚持梦想、永不放弃，我们一定会取得成功。I suggest we should communicate with our friends face to face instead of sending text messages (宾语从句 ) so that we can maintain our friendship(状语从句).(重庆卷满分作文)我建议我们应该与朋友面对面交流而不是发送信息，以便我们能够保持我们的友谊。对点练习 7 根据提示补全句子1.您若对此感兴趣，可以发邮件到 或亲自来报名。If_youre_interested_in_it(状语从句), you may e
20、ither send an email to or sign up in person.(2017全国卷满分作文)2.另外，最使你感兴趣的是，考试时我真的紧张烦躁。In addition, what_may_interest_you_most (主语从句) is_that_I_am_really_nervousand_upset (表语从句) when taking the exam.(四川卷满分作文)3.众所周知，鞋子在我们的生活中起着非常重要的作用，因为它能保护我们的脚免受伤害。7As_is_known_to_all (定语从句), shoes play an important role in our life, for_they_can_protect_our_feet_from_being_hurt (状语从句).(湖南卷标准范文)
