1、第一编,专题一 阅读理解,考点3 主旨大意题,真 题 体 验,The idea that I was “not athletic” stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s，I realized running was a battle against myself，not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills
2、！ The night before my marathon，I dreamt that I couldnt even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous，but ready to prove something to myself. Shortly after crossing the start line，my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted！,At mile 3，I passed a sign：
3、 “GO FOR IT，RUNNERS！” By mile 17，I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain，I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again. By mile 21，I was starving！ As I approached mile 23，I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the
4、alarm clock sounding at 4 am. or questioned my expenses on running.,I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished！And I got a medal. In fact，I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had. Determined to be myself，move forward，free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签
5、)，I can now call myself a “marathon winner”. 文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者不畏艰难，挑战自我，坚持跑完马拉松，实现了一次从自我砥砺到自我认知的人生“长跑”的励志故事。素材的选择旨在向考生传递积极的价值观：只要勇于挑战，拼搏进取，人人皆为胜者。, A month before the marathon，the author _. Awas well trained Bfelt scared Cmade up his mind to run Dlost hope 解析：细节理解题。由第一段第二句“Yet，I was determined t
6、o go ahead. ”并结合上句最后的leaving me only two weeks to train可知，虽然作者在马拉松前一个月脚踝受伤需休息两个周，但他决心在仅剩的两周训练时间里继续前行，去参加马拉松长跑。此处的关键信息determined与选项C中的made up his mind相吻合。,C, Why did the author mention the PE. class in his 7th year？ _ ATo acknowledge the support of his teacher. BTo amuse the readers with a funny stor
7、y. CTo show he was not talented in sports. DTo share a precious memory. 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句“I didnt do either well. He later informed me that I was not athletic. ”可知，作者列举小时候第一次上体育课的例子，说明自己跑圈不行，打垒球也不行，所以老师告诉作者他不擅长体育运动。这显然表明了作者在运动方面没有天赋，与选项C的意思匹配。,C, How was the authors first marathon？ _ AHe made it. B
8、He quit halfway. CHe got the first prize. DHe walked to the end. 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished！”可知，作者跑完了这次马拉松。这与选项A中的made it(做成)意思吻合。,A, What does the story mainly tell us？ _ AA man owes his success to his family support. BA winner is one with a great ef
9、fort of will. CFailure is the mother of success. DOne is never too old to learn. 解析：主旨大意题。根据作者对自己跑马拉松情况的叙述可知，对于一位脚踝有伤、不具有运动天赋的人来说去跑马拉松面临的挑战可想而知，但作者不畏艰难，凭着强大的意志力，最后成功到达终点，显然就是选项B提到的“一位具有强大意志力的获胜者”。故选B项。,B,B (2018江苏，B) In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted (享有) a special mea
10、t soup called consomm. Although the main attraction was the soup，Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints
11、that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta (意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a darkcolored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.,Lighting matters，too. When Berlin restaurant cu
12、stomers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert. Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Un
13、like fastfood places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart (莫扎特). When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have
14、 an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender (薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.,Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad” tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily. Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door，sayspent nearly as
15、 much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about bad tables，” given that theyre profitable. As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffets pr
16、ice led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.,文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。它主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光)、听觉要素(音乐)、嗅觉要素(气味)、其他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。素材旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。, The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that t
17、he customers were _. Anot aware of eating more than usual Bnot willing to share food with others Cnot conscious of the food quality Dnot fond of the food provided 解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“. those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller. ”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜
18、的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A项。,A, How could a fine dining shop make more profit？ _ APlaying classical music. BIntroducing lemon scent. CMaking the light brighter. DUsing plates of larger size. 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“When classical，rather than pop，music
19、 was playing，diners spent more. ”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spent more就是对题干中make more profit的语意转化。故选A项。,A, What does the last paragraph talk about？ _ ATips to attract more customers. BProblems restaurants are faced with. CWays to improve restaurants reputation. DCommon misunderstandings about re
20、staurants. 解析：主旨大意题。根据最后一段首句中的things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad”tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选D项。,D,主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求，文
21、章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。,名 师 点 津,做题时需要注意： 1明晰两类常见设问方式： (1)标题类常见的标题型题干：The best title/headline for this passage might be _ . What is the best title for the passage？Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage？ (2)大意类常见的主
22、题型题干：This passage chiefly deals with _ . Whats the topic of the article？Whats the main idea of the . paragraph/the passage？,2判断三种正确选项特征： (1)涵盖性强：覆盖全文或全段的中心思想。 (2)确定的范围恰当：既不太大，也不太小。 (3)精确性强：不会改变文章语言表意的程度及色彩。 3识别四类干扰选项特点： (1)以偏概全：答案只阐述了局部信息或主旨的一部分。 (2)主题过大：归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章要讨论的范围。 (3)断章取义：以次要的事实、细节替代全文的主
23、要观点。 (4)无中生有：与文章内容毫不相关或与文章内容相悖。,技 法 例 析,1文章主旨大意题寻找主题句，归纳概括 关键词：分析文章结构，判断文章体裁 识别段落主题句，归纳总结 注意转折、疑问、重复等关键信息 文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以，段落的主题句就是文章主旨的组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的主旨是解题的关键。,不同体裁的文章，其主题句出现的位置不同。议论文往往在第一段提出观点，中间是论据部分，最后一段得出结论，因此主题句往往在首段或者末段；说明文的主题句往往在首段；新闻报道主题句往往在首段的首句；记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要
24、根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，如果结尾部分是说理性的句子，那这个句子很有可能就是主题句。 寻找主题句时，要注意以下小技巧：转折词语后面的部分，有可能是主题句；段首出现疑问时，回答部分可能是主题句；作者有意识重复强调的观点，往往是主旨；反复出现的词语，往往是体现主旨的关键词；表示总结或者结论的句子常包含therefore，in short，conclude，thus等。,(2018全国，C) Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been les
25、s coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers，small，tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perh
26、aps 12,000 languages between them.,典 例,Soon afterwards，many of those people started settling down to become farmers，and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory e
27、ducation，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.,At present，the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages
28、 is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages，often spoken by many people，while hot，wet zones have lots，often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages；the Americas about 1,000；Africa 2,400；and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200，of which Pap
29、ua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000，which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.,Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡)，with only a few elderly speakers lef
30、t. Pick，at random，Busuu in Cameroon(eight remaining speakers)，Chiapaneco in Mexico (150)，Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one，with a questionmark)：none of these seems to have much chance of survival. What is the main idea of the text？ ANew languages will be c
31、reated. BPeoples lifestyles are reflected in languages. CHuman development results in fewer languages. DGeography determines language evolution.,解题思路 第一步 确定题干中的关键信息 _ 第二步 速读文章找出文章主题句 _ 第三步 对比选项得出答案 _,the main idea of the text Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent
32、times there has been less coming and a lot more going.,C,干扰项分析 A项颠倒是非，文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。B，D两项无中生有，文中没有提到人们的生活方式会反映到语言上，也没有提到地理决定语言的发展。,2凝练标题概括题准确概括全文，要简洁醒目 关键词：概括全文 有针对性 简洁醒目 标题的特点是短小精悍，简洁醒目，概括性强。一般来说，标题的拟定模式是：以话题为中心，按照一定的语法规则把控制性的概念浓缩为能够概括主题句句意或者中心思想的短语，或者一句简短的话。要遵循“概括性、针对性和醒目性”的原则来提炼标题。比如某一文章的中
33、心句为“Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world. ”此句的话题为“Coffee”，控制性概念为“is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world”，因此标题为“Coffee Around the World”。,凝练文章标题时，要注意以下小技巧：从正面考虑，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；从反面考虑，撇开原文，考虑选项，设想以它们为标题写出的文章会是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排
34、除；研读选项的中心词、修饰词的变化，与原文内容比对。,(2017全国卷，D片段) The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are. Research shows that givi
35、ng up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and wellbeing among older people，leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe，the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue d
36、riving into later life.,典 例,For example，most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly，we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. Were looking at
37、 the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that. “We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel. ”,What is the best title for the text？ AA new Model Electric Car BA Solution to Traffic Proble
38、ms CDriving Services for Elders DKeeping Older Drivers on the Road,解题思路 第一步 确定题干中的关键信息 _ 第二步 速读文章找出文章中的信息句，并标出关键词 _ 第三步 对比选项得出答案 _,the best title for the text . giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and wellbeing among older people和We hope that our work will help with tech
39、nological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.,D,3归纳段落大意 关键词：寻找段落主题句 比对选项 参考全文大意 段落大意是指一篇文章中某个段落的主要意思，是对该段内容的提炼和概括。归纳段落大意时，一定要在把握全段以及全文中心思想的基础上进行，围绕文章中心思想。找出本段的主题句。主题句可能出现在段首、段中或者段尾。段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达。 归纳段落大意时，要注意以下小技巧：分析段落结构；如果段落是总分结构，那么主题句一般在段首；如果是分总结构，那么主题句一般
40、在段尾；如果是分总分结构，那么主题句一般在段中；如果是对比各个事物，那么相同点或者不同点就是该段主旨。对于没有主题句的段落，要根据各种暗示，充分运用想象力和判断力，选择与作者说话语气相符的选项。,(2016浙江，C片段) Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scie
41、ntists seem to be so much alike？ Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort the desire to explore，explain，and understand our worldis simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds，and a
42、dult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it，“It is not that children are little scientists but t
43、hat scientists are big children. ”,典例 1,What is the main idea of the last paragraph？ AThe world may be more clearly explained through childrens play. BStudying babies play may lead to a better understanding of scientists. CChildren may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists. DOnes
44、 drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.,解题思路 第一步 确定题干中的关键信息 _ 第二步 速读本段文字，找出段落主题句，并标出能概括段落大意的关键词 _ 第三步 归纳概括得出答案 _,the main idea of the last paragraph Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring
45、look at science and scientists.,B,(2017全国，C片段) Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight，bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehiclenamed the Transitionhas two seats，four wheels and wings that fold up so
46、 it can be driven like a car. The Transition，which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month，can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground，it gets 35 miles per gallon.,典例 2,What is the first paragraph mainly about？ AThe basic data of the Transition. BThe advantages of flying cars. CThe potential market for flying cars. DThe designers of the Transition.,解题思路 第一步 无主题句，寻找关键词 _ 第二步 审视选项，概括主题句 尝试解答： _ 根据第一段中提到飞行汽车的两个座位、四个轮子以及车架、飞行速度、油耗等情况可知，该段是在介绍飞行汽车Transition的基本数据，故选A项。,
